Septic in Waukesha, WI

Last updated: Mar 21, 2026

Waukesha feels like that friendly Wisconsin neighborhood where the charm of old trees and newer homes sits comfortably side by side, and your septic system is part of the everyday landscape you live with. Here, many families still rely on private septic rather than city sewer, especially in older sections and the more rural pockets that stretch around the county. If you're buying a home in Waukesha, you'll want to know what's underground as part of your biggest investment.

Is septic common in Waukesha? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home?

Yes, septic systems are common in many parts of Waukesha. You'll find a mix: some homes are connected to municipal sewer in the city core, while outside those areas or in older developments that predate sewer mains, private septic systems are the norm. If you own or are buying a home, don't assume sewer until you verify with the seller or the city. Look for the property's septic permit, maintenance records, and recent pumping history. A professional septic evaluation can uncover the tank size, the leach field condition, and any past issues so you start on solid footing.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Waukesha

  • Development patterns: Lots spread out, and in many neighborhoods the sewer main didn't reach every block when those homes were built.
  • Infrastructure costs: Extending central sewer to every property is expensive and time-consuming, so on-site systems offered a practical, long-term solution.
  • Soil and groundwater realities: Wisconsin soils and groundwater dynamics require properly designed systems to protect water quality, especially near wells and streams.
  • Local expectations and regulations: Septic design and maintenance are governed to ensure safety and reliability, making proper care a community concern.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

Septics exist here because, for much of Waukesha's growth, building out centralized sewer to every lot wasn't feasible or cost-effective. On-site systems provided a practical way to manage waste while preserving groundwater quality—so your yard could stay usable and your home could function reliably between pump-outs and inspections.

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Below you'll find practical, neighborly guidance from a local pro on keeping your Waukesha septic healthy and trouble-free.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Waukesha

Map of septic coverage in Waukesha, WI

Key areas where septic is typical

In Waukesha County, septic systems are most common outside the main sewer service boundaries. The City of Waukesha and several municipalities have municipal sewers, but large swaths of the county remain served by private septic systems. This pattern reflects how development expanded in rural and exurban areas before sewer lines reached every neighborhood, as well as the practical reality of extending sewer infrastructure over long distances. You'll find septic widespread in unincorporated towns, older subdivisions that predate sewer expansion, and newer homes in areas where sewer service isn't yet available or deemed cost-prohibitive.

  • Rural and unincorporated areas not connected to a municipal sewer line
  • Older subdivisions built before sewer lines were extended
  • Exurban lots with ample spacing between homes where on-site treatment remains economical
  • Areas with soils that tolerate on-site treatment, described below

Soil and water conditions that influence septic use

Soil and groundwater conditions strongly affect whether a septic system is feasible and how it should be designed.

  • Well-drained soils (such as sandy loam or loamy sand) typically support efficient leach fields and longer system life.
  • Heavy clays, shallow bedrock, or high groundwater can hinder absorption and wastewater movement, often requiring alternative designs (like mound systems) or more advanced soil treatment.
  • Proximity to private wells, streams, rivers, or wetlands increases the importance of setbacks and professional design to protect drinking water and surface water quality.
  • Wisconsin and local codes require soil testing and site evaluation before installation, guiding decisions on system type, size, and placement.

How to confirm if your area uses septic

If you're unsure whether your home relies on septic or municipal sewer, start with these checks.

  1. Contact your municipality or public works department to verify sewer service boundaries for your street or development.
  2. Inspect utility bills or tax assessments: a charge for sewer service usually indicates connection to a public sewer; no sewer charge often means a septic system.
  3. Look for an underground septic tank access lid or a drain field marker on your property, or ask the previous owner/contractor about the OSS (on-site wastewater system).
  4. When in doubt, reach out to the Waukesha County Health Department or a licensed septic professional to confirm your system type and life-cycle needs.

Practical maintenance tips for septic-area homeowners

  • Schedule regular pumping every 3–5 years, or per the recommendation of a qualified septic contractor based on usage and tank size.
  • Use water efficiently: fix leaks, install high-efficiency fixtures, and spread out high-water-use activities.
  • Protect the drain field: avoid parking vehicles or heavy equipment on the area; plant only shallow-rooted vegetation over the field.
  • Be mindful about what you flush and pour down drains; limit fats, oils, wipes, solvents, and harsh cleaners that disrupt beneficial bacteria and clog components.

Official resources

  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: Onsite Wastewater Systems (OSS).
  • Waukesha County Health Department – Onsite Sewage / OSS program.
  • U.S. EPA septic information for homeowners. https://www.epa.gov/septic
  • Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) – Plumbing and septic system installers/licensing information. https://dsps.wi.gov/

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Waukesha Should Know

How septic systems vs sewer systems work

  • Septic system: An on-site treatment setup that serves a single property. It usually includes a septic tank and a drain field. Solids settle in the tank while liquid effluent moves to the drain field where naturally occurring bacteria treat it.
  • Municipal sewer: Waste from homes is collected through a network of pipes and carried to a centralized wastewater treatment plant. Homeowners connected to the sewer pay sewer charges as part of their utility bill. Centralized treatment typically handles more complex flows and reduces on-site maintenance needs.
  • Key takeaway: Your home's path for wastewater (onsite vs. city system) dramatically affects maintenance, costs, and when you might need professional help.

Determining which system serves your home

  • Check your latest utility or tax bill for a "sewer" line item or service charge.
  • Look up your address with your municipality's public works or planning department, or ask your realtor during a sale.
  • If you're unsure, contact your local public works or health department to confirm. For sewer service questions in the region, the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) can be a helpful official resource: and https://www.epa.gov/septic

Costs and long-term considerations

  • Septic system (on-site): Initial installation depends on soil, tank size, and permits. Typical pumping and maintenance costs occur every 3-5 years, with pumping often running a few hundred dollars per service plus occasional tank inspections. Replacement or major repairs can run into the thousands. Estimated installation costs generally fall in the thousands, and can vary widely by site conditions.
  • Municipal sewer: Ongoing monthly or quarterly charges cover wastewater treatment and system maintenance. Rates vary by municipality and can change with policy or infrastructure needs. When converting from septic to sewer, there may be one-time connection or hook-up costs assessed by the local utility.
  • Practical note: Even if you're on sewer, you'll still rely on the building's plumbing and fixtures to be well maintained. If you're on septic, regular pumping and field care are essential to avoid failures and costly repairs.

Maintenance basics you can implement now

  • Step 1: Limit water use and fix leaks promptly to reduce load on either system.
  • Step 2: Have a licensed septic professional inspect and pump when needed, typically every 3-5 years depending on usage and tank size.
  • Step 3: Use a drain-field-friendly approach: avoid parking or heavy equipment over the drain field; plant only shallow-rooted vegetation nearby; keep trees away to prevent root intrusion.
  • Step 4: Don't dump oil, chemicals, fuels, solvents, medications, wipes (unless labeled septic-safe), or non-biodegradable items down drains or toilets.
  • Step 5: Keep a maintenance log with pumping dates, tank size, and any repairs; this helps with future planning and resale.

Planning for changes or upgrades

  • If you're remodeling or adding plumbing fixtures, evaluate whether your current system can handle the load and whether permits are required.
  • If you're contemplating a move to municipal sewer, contact your local utility for connection guidelines and any impact on property value or insurance.

Official resources

Typical Septic System Types in Waukesha

Conventional gravity septic systems

  • How it works: A septic tank (one or two compartments) separates solids from liquids, then effluent moves by gravity into a soil absorption drainfield.
  • Best soils: well-drained, reasonably permeable soils with adequate depth to groundwater.
  • Pros: simple design, lower upfront cost, easy to inspect and pump.
  • Cons: relies on soil conditions; limited performance if percolation is slow or the water table is high.
  • Typical use in Waukesha: common for older homes with suitable soil and space for a drainfield.
  • Learn more: Wisconsin DNR on Septic Systems (sewage treatment and drainfield guidance) —

Pressure distribution systems

  • How it works: A pump delivers effluent to several trenches evenly through a network of small tubing, improving distribution in marginal soils.
  • Best soils: soils with inconsistent percolation or narrower drainage beds.
  • Pros: more uniform loading of the drainfield, can extend life in tighter lots.
  • Cons: requires a pump and controls, higher maintenance than gravity systems.
  • Maintenance note: keep power and control components in good working order; regular inspections are essential.
  • Learn more: DSPS overview of onsite wastewater systems —

Mound systems

  • How it works: An elevated drainfield built on top of the native soil using a sand fill layer, used when the native soil is too wet or poorly suited to drainfield absorption.
  • Best soils: shallow bedrock or high water table, thick restrictive layers, or poor percolation near the surface.
  • Pros: enables drainfield performance in challenging soils; expanded footprint allows compliance with setback rules.
  • Cons: more distinctive design and maintenance requirements; typically higher installation cost and more monitoring.
  • Learn more: Wisconsin extension and state resources on mound systems and site design — https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/septic/ and https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterQuality/SepticSystems

Sand filter and other advanced systems

  • How it works: Wastewater first undergoes primary treatment in a tank, then passes through a sand or dual-media filter for polish before discharge to a drainfield or surface irrigation.
  • Pros: higher treatment level, can accommodate tighter soils or smaller lots.
  • Cons: more parts to maintain; ongoing monitoring of filter media and effluent quality.
  • Maintenance note: filters may need periodic replacement or cleaning; ensure monitoring contracts are in place.
  • Learn more: DSPS overview of onsite wastewater options and maintenance — https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Programs/OnsiteWastewater.aspx

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs)

  • How it works: Mechanical aeration and solids separation produce treated effluent with higher quality before final disposal, sometimes followed by a mound, spray, or trench system.
  • Pros: higher effluent quality, useful in areas with restrictive soils or high groundwater.
  • Cons: electricity dependence, more frequent maintenance, and annual service requirements.
  • Maintenance note: expect regular inspections and service contracts; keep good records of pumping and inspections.
  • Learn more: Wisconsin DNR septic systems page and UW Extension resources on aerobic systems — https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterQuality/SepticSystems and https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/septic/

Holding tanks and cesspools

  • How it works: Tanks collect wastewater temporarily; no in-ground treatment occurs.
  • Pros: can be used where installable systems are not feasible, or during interim situations with strict permitting.
  • Cons: not a long-term replacement for a proper onsite system; requires frequent pumping and proper disposal arrangements.
  • Regulatory note: many Wisconsin jurisdictions limit holding tanks to specific scenarios; always verify local rules.
  • Learn more: DSPS and DNR guidance on Onsite Wastewater options and replacement strategies — https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Programs/OnsiteWastewater.aspx and https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterQuality/SepticSystems

Local considerations in Waukesha

  • Soil variability: glacial deposits create a wide range of percolation rates; a site-specific soil test and design review are essential.
  • Water table and seasonal wetness: some yards may require raised or contained drainfields (mounds) or pretreatment (sand filters/ATUs).
  • Permits and professionals: work through the county or city health department for permits, and hire a licensed onsite wastewater practitioner for design, installation, or modification projects. Official guidance and licensing information can be found at DSPS and DNR resources linked above.

Maintenance and best practices (quick steps)

  1. Schedule pumping and inspection intervals per your system type (typical gravity systems every 2–3 years; ATUs may need annual service).
  2. Protect the drainfield: avoid parking vehicles, heavy equipment, and planting deep-rooted trees or shrubs on or near the field.
  3. Water efficiency: spread out loads, fix leaks, and use high-efficiency appliances to reduce daily flows.
  4. Inspect for surface indications: damp spots, backups, or gurgling sounds should trigger a professional evaluation.
  5. Keep records: maintain drawings, pump dates, and service reports for quick reference during future work.

Official resources: Wisconsin DNR Septic Systems, DSPS Onsite Wastewater, and UW Extension septic guides linked above.

Common Septic Issues in Waukesha

Slow draining or frequent backups in sinks, toilets, or showers

Symptoms:

  • Water drains slowly or backs up in fixtures
  • Gurgling noises from drains
  • Increased use of plungers without lasting relief

Why this happens in Waukesha:

  • Spring thaw, heavy rainfall, and a high water table can saturate soils and slow infiltrative capacity, especially in clay or shallow soils common in parts of Waukesha County.
  • Excessive use of garbage disposals or personal care products can overwhelm aging tanks.

What to do (step-by-step):

  1. Reduce water use for 24–48 hours (limit laundry, avoid long showers).
  2. Inspect for leaks inside the home and around the septic area; fix leaks promptly.
  3. Have the septic tank pumped if it hasn't been serviced in 3–5 years (or per your system's schedule).
  4. Schedule a professional inspection of the drainfield to check for compaction, saturated soil, or root intrusion.

Waukesha-specific note:

  • If you're on a shared or limited drainfield, small increases in daily use can trigger backups quickly due to local soil conditions. Official guidance: and EPA:

    Frozen or winter-time issues

    Symptoms:

    • Pipes freezing or slow drainage in winter
    • Sudden backups after a cold snap

    Why this happens in Waukesha:

    • Wisconsin winters create challenging conditions for septic lines and the drainfield if not properly insulated or protected.
    • Ice or snow cover can impede access for maintenance and inspections.

    What to do:

    1. Keep access lids clear of snow and insulation; ensure venting is unobstructed.
    2. Schedule maintenance in late summer or fall to prep for winter.
    3. Use your system modestly during cold snaps and avoid stored water in winter (e.g., excessive dishwashing).

    Resource reminders:

    Aging systems and code updates

    Symptoms:

    • Difficulty meeting current flows, frequent pumping, or unusual maintenance needs
    • Components older than 25–30 years requiring replacement

    What to do:

    1. Obtain a current system assessment from a licensed septic professional.
    2. Plan for upgrades or component replacement if the system is outdated.
    3. Review local updates to POWTS requirements with your installer or the county health department.

    Official guidance: https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/WaterQuality/PrivateSewage.html and EPA: https://www.epa.gov/septic

    Contamination risk to well water (rural Waukesha)

    Symptoms:

    • Noticeable changes in well water clarity or taste
    • Positive indicators on well water tests

    What to do:

    1. Test your well water annually and after nearby septic serve issues.
    2. Maintain separation distances and proper installation of septic components.
    3. Schedule a professional evaluation if you notice changes in water quality.

    Resources: official state guidance: https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/WaterQuality/PrivateSewage.html, EPA: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who oversees septic in Waukesha

In Wisconsin, private onsite wastewater systems (POWS) are regulated by the state, but local agencies handle permitting, inspections, and enforcement. In Waukesha, you'll typically interact with the Waukesha County Department of Health and Human Services (and your town or city's building or zoning office). State standards cover design, installation, operation, and maintenance, while local offices issue permits, conduct inspections, and ensure code compliance.

Permits you may need

  • New installation, replacement, or substantial repair of a POWS requires a local permit.
  • Closure or decommissioning of an old or failed system needs a permit as part of the process.
  • If you're tying into municipal sewer, you may need documentation or decommissioning steps for the existing system.
  • Some projects require plan review for setbacks, site conditions, or special system types (mounds, enhanced treatment units, etc.).

Step-by-step: obtaining permits

  1. Identify the right authority: contact the Waukesha County Health Department or your specific town/city hall to confirm the POWS permitting office.
  2. Gather required documents: site plan or sketch of the lot, property deed, existing system details, and any soils information or reports.
  3. Hire licensed professionals: use a Wisconsin-licensed Private Onsite Wastewater System designer and a licensed installer (DSPS/POWS). For complex sites, a registered professional engineer may be needed.
  4. Submit the permit package: include design drawings, floor plan or site map, soil information, and any required affidavits; pay the applicable fees.
  5. Plan review and approval: the reviewing agency checks setbacks, lot size, soil suitability, proposed system type, and code compliance.
  6. Schedule inspections: plan to have inspections at key milestones during installation and a final inspection after completion.

Inspections and ongoing maintenance

  • Inspections: expect oversight at critical milestones (design approval, installation, and final acceptance). If problems arise, corrective action or additional permits may be required.
  • Maintenance requirements: Wisconsin POWS systems typically require regular pumping and maintenance. Keep routine records and follow the manufacturer's and designer's recommendations.
  • Transfer of property: some municipalities require a documentation or inspection when a property changes hands. Check your local rules so you're prepared.

How to find official resources

  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) – Private On-Site Wastewater Systems (POWS):
  • Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) – POWS licensing and requirements:
  • Waukesha County Health Department – Private Onsite Wastewater information and contact:
  • Your local town or city building/health department pages for specific permit steps and contact details (check the official municipal site).

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Waukesha

Local conditions in Waukesha

Waukesha County presents a mix of soil types, groundwater levels, and site slopes that influence how a system performs. In some parts, shallow bedrock or a high water table can limit drainfield depth, while heavy clay soils slow infiltrations. Knowing your site helps you plan maintenance and anticipate potential issues.

  • Identify your soil and drainage characteristics for best performance.
  • Respect setback rules from wells, streams, and property lines.
  • Plan around Wisconsin's seasonal changes, which affect drainage and bacterial activity.

Regular pumping and professional inspections

Regular pumping and annual inspections by a licensed septic professional are the foundation of long-term reliability.

  1. Pump every 3 years for a standard residential tank; more often if you have high water use, a garbage disposal, or a larger family.
  2. Schedule a professional inspection at least every 1–3 years to check tank condition, baffles, pump chamber, and any effluent filters.
  3. Keep detailed service records and a map of tank and drainfield locations for easy reference during future service.

Seasonal considerations in Wisconsin and Waukesha

Wisconsin's climate adds seasonal stress to septic systems.

  • Winter: cold temperatures can slow bacterial activity in the tank; ensure lids and access points stay frost-free and clear.
  • Spring thaw: saturated soils and increased rainfall can reduce drainage capacity; limit heavy use after storms and avoid driving on the drainfield when soils are wet.
  • Summer: manage irrigation and outdoor water use to prevent overloads on the system.

Drainfield protection and local soil considerations

Protecting the drainfield is key, especially where soils are shallow or prone to saturation.

  • Do not drive or park on the drainfield or nearby area; avoid heavy equipment over the field.
  • Plant only shallow-rooted grasses above the drainfield; keep trees and shrubs away to prevent root intrusion.
  • Conserve water: space laundry loads, install high-efficiency fixtures, and promptly repair leaks.
  • Direct stormwater away from the drainfield to prevent extra groundwater infiltration.

Signs of trouble and next steps

Know the early warning signs and act quickly.

  • Signs: slow drains, gurgling sounds, persistent odors, wet spots or new earthy mumps over the drainfield, or wastewater creeping up in the yard.
  • Immediate actions: minimize flushing of wipes, grease, solvents, or chemicals; avoid chemical cleaners that can harm beneficial bacteria.
  • Next steps: contact a licensed septic contractor for a diagnostic check and possible pumping. If you suspect groundwater contamination or a significant system failure, reach out to your local county health department for guidance.

Maintenance checklist

  • Schedule pump-outs every 3–5 years based on use; adjust if you have a large family or heavy disposal of solids.
  • Have a licensed professional inspect the system every 1–3 years; replace corroded components or damaged baffles as needed.
  • Use septic-safe products; avoid flushing wipes, fats, oils, solvents, and non-biodegradable items.
  • Maintain up-to-date records and a simple diagram of tank locations and drainfield layout.
  • Space out water use: run dishwashers and laundry machines on separate days and during off-peak hours when possible.

Official resources

  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: Onsite Wastewater Systems.

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Waukesha

Septic System Inspection

  • What it includes: Visual inspection of accessible components (tank lids, risers, and pump chamber if present), checks for signs of leaks or standing water, and when applicable, a basic dye test or camera inspection of lines to verify condition.
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Many homes here rely on older or clay-tile drain fields; an inspection helps identify early issues before they become costly repairs.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $200–$450 for a standard inspection; $350–$700 if a camera or more thorough line assessment is added.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Onsite Wastewater Program:

Septic Tank Pumping & Routine Maintenance

  • What it includes: Removing sludge and scum from the tank, inspecting baffles and outlets, checking the effluent screen if present, and confirming lid access and system alarms (if installed).
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Regular pumping (roughly every 3–5 years, depending on usage and tank size) prevents solids from clogging the leach field, which is a common issue in Wisconsin soils.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $350–$650 per pumping, with occasional $50–$150 disposal-fee added; may rise with tank size or accessibility.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html

Drain Field Evaluation & Dye Tests

  • What it includes: Field evaluation of soil absorption and drainage, dye test to track effluent, and assessment of field performance under current use.
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Soil conditions vary across the area; early diagnostics can prevent unnecessary field damage and guide repair decisions.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $400–$900 for a basic evaluation; $900–$1,500 for more thorough or multiple-test assessments.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html

Drain Field Repair & Replacement

  • What it includes: Diagnosis of failure causes (compacted soil, root intrusion, high water table), excavation and installation of a replacement absorption area, and adjustments for soil/slope conditions.
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Some areas require special configurations (e.g., sandmound or pressure-dosed systems) due to soil or groundwater; timely repair preserves the home's wastewater handling.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $2,000–$8,000 for a repair; $8,000–$25,000+ for a full replacement or mound/advanced treatment system.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html

New System Design, Permitting & Installation

  • What it includes: Site evaluation, system design tailored to soil and usage, submitting required permits, and installation of the septic system (tank, distribution, and drain field or alternative system).
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Proper design is critical in regions with challenging soils; a thoughtfully designed system reduces long-term maintenance and failure risk.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $7,000–$25,000+ depending on soil conditions, system type (conventional, mound, or advanced treatment), and tank size.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html

Perc Test & Soil Evaluation

  • What it includes: Soils testing to determine absorption capacity and suitability for a septic system, often a prerequisite for permits.
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Local soil variance can drive system type and placement; accurate testing helps prevent failed installations.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $500–$2,000 depending on scope (single test vs. full site assessment).
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html

Emergency / After-Hours Service

  • What it includes: Urgent response for sewage backup, system alarms, or odor issues, with rapid diagnostic and temporary mitigation as needed.
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Sewage issues can escalate quickly with Wisconsin winters; prompt attention minimizes damage and health risks.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $500–$1,500 for dispatch plus hourly rates; after-hours fees may apply.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html

Lids, Risers & Tank Access Upgrades

  • What it includes: Installing additional or improved risers and sealed lids for easier maintenance and to protect against freezing.
  • What makes it Worthwhile in Waukesha: Wisconsin winters make accessible access points important for safe, regular maintenance.
  • Typical cost in Waukesha: $200–$800 per lid upgrade; $2,000–$3,000 for multiple risers and access upgrades.
  • Official resources: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/HealthEnvironment/OnsiteWastewater.html