Septic in Ashland County, WI

Ashland County blends tall pines, Lake Superior shoreline, and a down-to-earth approach to home ownership. You'll notice that most properties here aren't hooked up to a centralized sewer system, especially outside the county's small towns. That reality shapes every home purchase, maintenance decision, and long-term plan for wastewater.

Is septic common in Ashland County? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home?

Yes. In Ashland County, septic systems are the norm for most rural homes, lakefront properties, and many community parcels that aren't served by a municipal sewer line. If you're buying a home in town with sewer access, you'll see that option, but in the broader county you should expect an on-site system. Before you buy, plan a thorough septic assessment: confirm the age and type of the system, review any past repairs, check for correct permits and setbacks, and consider a dye test if you're unsure about performance. A local septic pro can walk you through what to look for and what a replacement or upgrade might entail.

Why homes typically use septic systems here

The practical answer is simple: this is a rural, lake-and-forest county where municipal sewer service doesn't reach every property. On-site septic systems are more affordable to install for dispersed homes, cabins, and smaller lots, and they work well when designed and maintained properly. Many lakefront properties sit on soils that drain gently but require careful sizing and proper management to protect wells and the shoreline. Regular maintenance, including pumping and inspections, keeps systems functioning year after year and helps safeguard water quality in cherished local waters.

County growth history and how that has impacted septic coverage

Ashland County's growth has followed a traditional northern Wisconsin pattern: early logging and railroad activity gave way to mining, paper production in some towns, and then steady, slower growth fueled by retirement homes, outdoor recreation, and seasonal cabins. That history created a landscape of widespread, privately owned lots with limited access to centralized sewer lines. As a result, septic systems have long been the backbone of wastewater management here. The mix of year-round residents and seasonal homes means many systems were designed for long life, but also face challenges from aging components, lakefront setback rules, and soil variations.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

sewage treatment isn't practical enough to blanket every property with a large sewer network in this county's terrain and spread. On-site systems were, and remain, the most efficient way to treat wastewater close to where it's generated. With proper design, installation, and regular care, septic systems enable healthy homes and healthy waters across Ashland County.

A friendly neighbor note: you'll find good local guidance here, and a trusted pro can tailor the plan to your land, your water, and your budget.

How Septic Is Regulated in Ashland County

Regulating authorities and what they oversee

• In Wisconsin, onsite wastewater systems are regulated to protect public health and groundwater. The state provides the framework, while Ashland County Health Department administers the program locally.
• Key players include:
  • Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS): oversees licensing and statewide rules for designers, installers, and inspectors.
  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR): contributes guidance on protecting groundwater and surface water from septic system impacts.
  • Ashland County Health Department: conducts site evaluations, plan reviews, permit issuance, inspections during installation, and maintains system records for residents in the county.
• All residential septic design, installation, repair, and pumping should comply with state codes and local county requirements.

Permitting and plan review

• A permit is typically required before installing a new system or performing major repairs on an existing system.
• The usual process includes:
  1. A site evaluation and soil testing performed by a qualified professional.
  2. A system design prepared by a licensed designer.
  3. Submission of plans to Ashland County for review and permit approval.
  4. Scheduling on-site inspections at key milestones (e.g., prior to trench backfill and after installation).
• Inspections verify that the system is installed according to the approved plan and current codes.

Licensing, responsibilities, and what homeowners should know

• Hire licensed professionals for system design, installation, and pumping when required by the county and state.
• Homeowners are responsible for maintenance, records, and timely pumping to keep the system functioning properly.
• If you notice alarms, backups, soggy areas, or unusually lush vegetation over the drain field, contact the county health department promptly.

Ongoing maintenance and compliance

• Regular pumping is recommended; typical intervals are every 3–5 years, but exact frequency depends on tank size, household water use, and the specific system.
• Protect the system by:
  • Keeping vehicles and heavy equipment off the drain field.
  • Avoiding planting trees or shrubs with deep roots over the drain field.
  • Minimizing household water use during pump-out and maintenance events.
• Retain records of inspections, pump-outs, and repairs; these documents support future sales and any required compliance actions.

Fees, penalties, and enforcement

• Permit and inspection fees apply for new systems and certain repairs.
• Violations of permit requirements or improper system use can result in penalties or required corrective actions.
• Persistent noncompliance can affect real estate transactions and future permits; keep your records current and consult the county if you're unsure about requirements.

Where to learn more and official resources

• Ashland County Health Department – Onsite Wastewater Program: official local guidance and permit information.
• Wisconsin DSPS – Onsite Wastewater Program: licensing, rules, and guidance for designers, installers, and inspectors.
• Wisconsin DNR – Private Onsite Wastewater Systems: information on environmental impact, groundwater protection, and system maintenance.

Soil, Groundwater & Environmental Factors in Ashland County

Local soils and percolation

Ashland County sits in a landscape of glacial deposits, with soil types that range from coarse, well-drained sands to finer clays and organic materials in wetlands. Shallow bedrock or compact layers can appear in places, affecting how quickly water moves through the ground. These variations matter for septic performance.

• Well-drained sands and gravels drain quickly, which can help with absorption but may require careful sizing to avoid rapid loss of effluent.
• Poorly drained organic soils or muck, common in low-lying areas, can hinder infiltration and may not support conventional systems without adaptation.
• Shallow bedrock or hardpan limits downward drainage and can push the design toward raised or alternative systems.
• Use the USDA Web Soil Survey to view your exact site soils and limitations:

Seasonal and environmental influences

Winters are cold and soils often freeze, slowing infiltration. Spring thaws can saturate soils quickly, limiting absorption and shifting system loads.

• Freeze-thaw cycles affect entire system components; ensure proper venting, ventilation, and frost-proofing where applicable.
• Wet springs and heavy rainfall increase surface runoff and can flush untreated water if a system is compromised.
• Protect drains from surface compaction and heavy equipment use; maintain vegetation that reduces runoff toward wells.

Practical steps for Ashland County homeowners

Follow these steps to align your septic plan with local soil, groundwater, and environmental realities.

1. Identify your site soil type and limitations
2. Check the USDA Web Soil Survey for your property to understand percolation rates and restrictions before design: https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/
3. Have a qualified professional evaluate site conditions
4. Hire a registered POWTS designer or installer to perform a site evaluation and, if needed, a percolation test that reflects seasonal conditions. Verify credentials through Wisconsin state resources: https://dsps.wi.gov/
5. Assess and protect groundwater
6. If you have a private well, plan for regular testing and monitor for signs of surface water intrusion or contamination. See state guidance on groundwater and wells: https://dnr.wi.gov/ and https://extension.wisc.edu/
7. Plan for drainage and setbacks
8. Ensure adequate setbacks from wells, surface water, and springs; use native vegetation and proper grading to minimize runoff toward water sources. Local extension offices can provide county-specific setback guidance: https://extension.wisc.edu/
9. Consider alternative or elevated systems when needed
10. In areas with poor soils or shallow groundwater, conventional gravity systems may not be suitable; discuss raised bed or alternative POWTS options with a licensed professional. State resources can help you understand when these designs are appropriate: https://dsps.wi.gov/ and https://extension.wisc.edu/

Additional official resources

• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR): https://dnr.wi.gov/
• Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) – Onsite Wastewater: https://dsps.wi.gov/
• University of Wisconsin Extension: https://extension.wisc.edu/
• UW Soil & Water Testing Lab: https://soiltest.cals.wisc.edu/
• Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey: https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/

Typical Septic System Types in Ashland County

Conventional gravity and simple pressure-dosed systems

• These are the most common in areas with reasonably deep, well-draining soils. A septic tank stores solids, and effluent flows by gravity into a drainfield of perforated pipes buried in gravel or sand.
• Typical components: septic tank, distribution box, and a soil absorption area (drainfield) sized for the lot and soil conditions.
• How they work for you: simple design, fewer moving parts, and generally straightforward maintenance.
• Maintenance essentials: have the tank pumped every 3–5 years, keep out fats/greases and harsh chemicals, and protect the drainfield from heavy equipment or irrigation over the area.
• Learn more about standard septic systems and requirements from Wisconsin's Onsite Wastewater program:

Alternative systems for challenging soils or limited space

• Mound systems: built above natural grade when soils are shallow or the water table is high. They use imported soil and a raised drainfield to provide adequate infiltration.
• Sand filter systems: effluent from the septic tank goes to a lined sand filtration bed, then into the drainfield. They're useful where native soil absorption is limited.
• Chamber systems: prefabricated plastic chambers replace traditional gravel trenches, increasing infiltrative area in limited space.
• Low-pressure dose (LPD) and pressure-dosed systems: distribute effluent more evenly through the drainfield, useful on sites with uneven soils.
• What to expect: these options tend to require skilled design and sometimes ongoing maintenance contracts; they are selected to meet site constraints while protecting groundwater.
• Official guidance and standards for alternative systems can be found through Wisconsin's Onsite Wastewater program and DNR resources:

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs) and other advanced treatments

• ATUs introduce mechanical aeration and enhanced solids separation to treat wastewater before it reaches the drainfield.
• After treatment, effluent may be discharged to a drainfield via pressure distribution or sprayed onto a absorption area, often with higher performance on challenging soils.
• These systems require regular service by a qualified contractor and strict maintenance schedules to prevent odor, erosion, or effluent issues.
• They're a common choice when soil conditions or groundwater limits the viability of conventional drainfields.
• State and county authorities emphasize following licensed professional guidance and routine maintenance for ATUs. See Wisconsin DSPS and DNR resources for specifics: https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Programs/OnSiteWasteWater.aspx and https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterQuality/OnsiteWastewater

Other considerations and local planning

• Site constraints drive system choices: depth to bedrock, groundwater fluctuation, slope, and lot size all influence feasibility of conventional vs. alternative designs.
• Property owners should plan for long-term stewardship: protect the drainfield from compaction, roots, and heavy loads; monitor for surface wetness or scum odors; and schedule regular inspections.
• When in Ashland County, work with a licensed onsite wastewater professional to ensure designs meet state and county requirements, and to coordinate with the local health department as needed. Official references for licensing and standards include Wisconsin DSPS and DNR pages: https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Programs/OnSiteWasteWater.aspx and https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterQuality/OnsiteWastewater

Steps to determine the right system for your property (quick guide)

1. Assess soil and groundwater: review perc suitability and seasonal water table with local resources or a soils test.
2. Consult a licensed onsite wastewater designer or septic contractor to evaluate site constraints and propose options.
3. Compare costs, maintenance needs, and long-term performance for conventional vs. alternative systems.
4. Obtain the necessary permits and set up a maintenance plan with a qualified service provider.

Typical Septic Issues Across Ashland County

Common Causes of Tank Problems

• Not pumping often enough: Solids accumulate, reducing tank capacity and pushing solids into the drainfield.
• Flushing inappropriate items: Wipes, feminine hygiene products, coffee grounds, grease, and chemicals clog pipes and kill beneficial bacteria.
• Excessive water load: Large volumes of water from showers, laundry, or dishwashing can overwhelm the system.
• Grease and fats: Fats float to the top, forming scum layers that restrict flow.
• Chemicals and solvents: Harsh cleaners, paint thinners, and pesticides kill the natural bacteria inside the septic tank.

Drainfield and Soil Issues

• Saturated soil or high groundwater: When soil can't absorb effluent, backups and surface pooling can occur.
• Tree roots: Roots invade pipes and distribution lines, causing blockages or breaks.
• Aging or damaged components: Cracked pipes, a failing distribution box, or a compromised leach field reduce performance.
• Poor soil conditions: Very sandy or very clay-heavy soils can hamper proper absorption without corrective design.
• Improper gravity or venting: Incorrect slope or venting can trap air or reduce drainage efficiency.

Cold Climate and Seasonal Challenges

• Freeze-thaw effects: Winter conditions can slow biological activity and hinder movement of effluent.
• Seasonal groundwater rise: Snowmelt and spring rains raise the water table, limiting drainage and increasing backups.
• Surface runoff and frost heave: Water from thawing soils can flood the system around the drainfield.

Signs Your Septic System Needs Attention

• Slow or gurgling drains: Toilets, sinks, and showers drain slowly or air bubbles rise in the toilet.
• Sewage odors or damp spots: Odors or wet, spongy ground near the drainfield indicate effluent surfacing.
• Backups in basement or sinks: Wastewater emerges where it shouldn't, signaling restricted flow.
• Lush, bright-green patches over the drain area: Excess moisture encourages unusual plant growth above the drainfield.
• Standing water after rain: Water pools above or near the drainfield even after rainfall ends.

Maintenance You Can Do

• Practice a water budget: Spread out laundry and shower use over the day; avoid long run times.
• Use septic-safe products: Choose biodegradable cleaners and minimal chemical use.
• Limit garbage disposal use: Only put small amounts of food waste down the disposal.
• Protect the drainfield: Keep vehicles off the drainfield area and plant only shallow-rooted vegetation nearby.
• Schedule regular pumping: Most households benefit from pumping every 3–5 years, depending on tank size and household use.

Quick Troubleshooting Steps

1. If drains slow down or gurgle, stop adding water and avoid flushing until you determine the issue.
2. Inspect for surface dampness, strong odors, or lush vegetation near the drainfield.
3. Note any recent changes in water use or detergent loads that could overload the system.
4. Record pumping dates and system work to share with a professional.

When to Call a Licensed Professional

• Backups or sewage in living spaces persist after basic checks.
• Visible leaks, effluent pooling, or strong odors near the drainfield.
• Repeated backups despite pumping and water-use adjustments.
• After severe weather events or groundwater fluctuations that may affect system performance.

Local Resources

• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) Onsite Wastewater/Wastewater Systems guidance:
• EPA septic systems overview for additional best practices and homeowner guidance: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Local oversight in Ashland County

• Septic systems in Wisconsin are regulated by both state agencies and your county. The state licenses designers and installers and sets statewide rules, while Ashland County Health Department administers local permits, inspections, and review of designs for compliance.
• Key players:
  • Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) – On-Site Wastewater program handles licensing and statewide requirements.
  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) – provides guidance on groundwater and watershed considerations related to on-site wastewater.
  • Ashland County Health Department – local authority for permits, inspections, and inspections related to on-site systems. (check the Health Department section for On-Site Wastewater information)

Permits you may need

• You typically need a sanitary permit for:
  • New on-site wastewater systems
  • Replacements, major repairs, or system upgrades
  • Alterations that change the flow or design of the system
  • Changes in land use or additions that affect wastewater load
• Minor repairs or maintenance may not require a full permit, but most substantial work does. Always check with Ashland County Health Department before starting.

The permit process (step-by-step)

1. Verify requirements with the Ashland County Health Department.
2. Hire a Wisconsin-licensed on-site designer/installer (required for most designs and installations). This ensures the plan complies with SPS 383 and related rules.
3. Prepare a site plan and soil information (including lot size, setbacks, wells, driveways, and proposed leach field layout).
4. Complete the permit application and attach stamped plans, a proposed system layout, and any soil test results.
5. Submit the application and pay applicable fees. Ask about processing times and whether staged inspections are available.
6. Schedule required inspections at key milestones (e.g., post-excavation/installation, before backfill, and final).
7. Obtain final approval or a certificate of compliance from the county once the system passes all inspections.

Inspections: what to expect

• Inspections cover:
  • Proper placement and depth of tanks and leach fields
  • Correct pipe sizing, grading, and slope
  • Compliance with setback distances (to wells, property lines, and water sources)
  • Proper backfill and protection of components
• If issues are found, you'll need to correct them and schedule follow-up inspections.

Real estate transfers and septic inspections

• Many Ashland County transactions include a septic system review or certification as part of closing. Some sellers provide an existing as-built or a third-party certification; buyers may request a county-approved inspection.
• If there's no current certification, you can:
  • Schedule a county-approved inspection or hire a licensed inspector to prepare an "as-built" and certification.
  • Use the inspector's report and any county-cited compliance documentation to satisfy lender and closing requirements.
• Check with your real estate agent and lender early about septic-related closing requirements and timelines.

Documentation you'll need

• Current system permits, plans stamped by a licensed designer/installer
• As-built drawings showing tank locations, leach field layout, and components
• Inspection reports from required milestones
• Final certificate of compliance or approval from Ashland County Health Department

Practical tips for Ashland County homeowners

• Start early: permit processing and inspection scheduling can take several weeks.
• Keep all paperwork organized: permits, designs, inspection reports, and receipts.
• If you're unsure about a step, call the county health department sooner rather than later to avoid delays.

Resources and contacts

• Ashland County Health Department – On-Site Wastewater information and permit guidance (official county resource)
• DSPS On-Site Wastewater program: https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/BoardsCouncils/OnSiteWastewater.aspx
• DNR Onsite Wastewater guidance: https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterQuality/onsite
• Ashland County Government (main site): https://www.co.ashland.wi.us/

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Ashland County

Septic Tank Pumping and Cleaning

• What it includes: removing sludge and scum from the tank, inspecting tank interior, checking baffles and inlet/outlet pipes, and ensuring lids are sealed after service.
• Ashland County specifics: cold winters, variable groundwater, and older homes with 1,000–1,500 gallon tanks are common; access routes in rural roads can affect scheduling and travel charges.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: often $250–$500; larger tanks or difficult access may push toward $500–$600.

Real Estate Transfer Inspections

• What it includes: a focused evaluation of current system status, visible signs of failure, record review if available, and a brief dye or functional check as appropriate.
• Ashland County specifics: lenders and title companies frequently require certification for rural properties; inspections may be done with limited access outside growing seasons.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: usually $200–$400, with higher-end properties or complicated systems closer to $500.

System Diagnostic/Full Inspections

• What it includes: thorough inspection of tank condition, baffles, risers, lids, pump (if present), drainfield condition, microbial health indicators, and overall system performance.
• Ashland County specifics: many systems are conventional or mound types; soil and groundwater context can affect interpretation and recommended repairs.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: roughly $250–$450, sometimes up to $500–$600 if extensive testing is required.

New Septic System Installations

• What it includes: site evaluation, soil testing, system design (conventional or alternative), permitting, trenching, installation of tank and drainfield, backfill, and initial startup.
• Ashland County specifics: northern soils, seasonal frost considerations, and occasional bedrock or high groundwater influence system type and depth; mound systems or enhanced treatment options may be chosen in challenging soils.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: conventional systems commonly run about $8,000–$20,000; mound or ATU-based designs can range from $15,000–$40,000+ depending on site conditions and permits.

Drainfield Repair or Replacement

• What it includes: assessment of failed leach field, soil replacement or rehab, trench restoration, gravel and piping adjustments, and seasonal scheduling constraints.
• Ashland County specifics: freeze-thaw cycles and soil characteristics can complicate access and require longer installation windows; proximity to wells or streams may trigger stricter setback rules.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: repair typically $5,000–$15,000; full drainfield replacement often $15,000–$35,000+.

Minor Septic System Repairs

• What it includes: baffle or lid replacements, pump or float valve fixes, effluent filter changes, and minor line repairs.
• Ashland County specifics: availability of parts and local contractor travel time can influence pricing; some repairs benefit from on-site evaluation to minimize invasive digging.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: $150–$400 for simple fixes; more involved repairs may rise to $500–$1,000.

Aerobic System Service and Maintenance

• What it includes: routine servicing for ATUs, filter cleaning, media checks, pump and timer adjustments, and occasional desludging.
• Ashland County specifics: ATUs require regular service agreements; winter access may affect maintenance windows.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: $150–$350 per service visit, with occasional pumping or replacement adding to the bill.

Cesspool Pumping and Abandonment

• What it includes: pumping out a cesspool, sealing or capping when abandoning, and any needed decommissioning steps.
• Ashland County specifics: some older homes may still operate cesspools; regulatory requirements for abandonment can vary by municipality.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: pumping around $350–$600; proper abandonment work often $1,000–$2,000+.

Tank Risers and Access Improvements

• What it includes: installing or upgrading risers and sturdy lids for easier future maintenance and safer inspections.
• Ashland County specifics: improving access is common to reduce annual service costs and minimize disturbance in winter access windows.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: $600–$2,000 depending on materials and depth.

Soil Tests and Perc Tests for New Installations

• What it includes: subsoil evaluation, percolation testing, and feasibility planning for the site.
• Ashland County specifics: cold climate and variable soils require careful interpretation to choose appropriate system type.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: $300–$800.

Permits, Fees, and Local Inspections

• What it includes: permit application, plan review, and mandatory inspections tied to installation or modifications.
• Ashland County specifics: local charges vary by township; fees are often modest but must be included in project budgeting.
• Typical cost in Ashland County: $100–$500 depending on jurisdiction.

Official resources:

• EPA Septic Systems:
• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Onsite Wastewater Program:

Notes:

• Costs are typical ranges and can vary by tank size, system type, accessibility, travel distance, and permit requirements.
• In Ashland County, winters and soil conditions can affect scheduling and the feasibility of certain installations. Always request a written estimate that itemizes labor, materials, and disposal charges.

Septic vs Sewer Across Ashland County

How Ashland County is served

• In Ashland County, some communities connect to municipal sewer systems, while many rural properties rely on private septic systems. Availability depends on your township, village, or city, as well as planned sewer expansion projects.
• Confirm your status by contacting your local utility or township office. If you're unsure, check your property tax bill, latest water/sewer bill, or your homeowner's permit history.
• If you're considering selling or buying a property, ask for a sewer-to-septic status update and any planned sewer expansions in the area.

Septic systems in Ashland County

• Most rural homes use private onsite wastewater systems (POWTS). Proper maintenance is essential to protect groundwater and wells in the region.
• Typical costs: installation or replacement often ranges from several thousand to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on soil tests, system size, and access. Regular maintenance is a small ongoing expense relative to major failures.
• Longevity and checks: well-maintained septic systems can last 20–40 years or more with routine inspections, pumping, and care. Annual or every-2-year pumping schedules are common recommendations.

Municipal sewer: Pros and Cons

• Pros:
  • No on-site tank pumping or soil absorption concerns to manage yourself.
  • Predictable monthly utility bills with sewer service for households connected to the system.
  • Generally lower risk of groundwater contamination due to centralized treatment facilities when properly maintained.
• Cons:
  • Monthly or quarterly sewer charges regardless of usage can be higher than septic maintenance costs in some situations.
  • Sewer line breaks or outages can disrupt service, and repairs may require temporary hookups or expensive connections.
  • Possible future rate increases set by the utility board.

Quick decision steps if you're weighing options

1. Determine service status
2. Call your township, village, or city utility or check the county's records to confirm sewer availability and any planned expansions.
3. If you're buying a property, request a current service map and the last 3–5 years of sewer rate history.
4. Compare long-term costs
5. Septic heroics: estimate pumping, inspections, and potential repairs over 10–20 years.
6. Sewer heroics: request a current monthly bill and typical annual increases from the local utility.
7. Consider environmental and location factors
8. If your property relies on well water, septic failures can endanger drinking water. Central sewer may reduce this risk in areas with high groundwater or poor soils, but only if the system is well-maintained.
9. Get a professional assessment
10. For septic, schedule a percolation test or soil evaluation and a site inspection with a licensed septic contractor or the county's environmental staff.
11. For sewer, ask the utility for a serviceability assessment of your property and any planned connections or grants that could offset costs.
12. Plan for the future
13. If you expect to stay long-term, weigh the reliability and maintenance obligations of septic against potential sewer rate changes and expansion plans.

Maintenance and planning tips

• Schedule regular septic inspections every 1–3 years and pumping every 3–5 years (or as recommended by your local health authority and contractor).
• Protect the drainfield: plant only grass, avoid driving or placing heavy objects on the area, and divert surface water away from the drainfield.
• Use water-saving fixtures and distribute wastewater loads evenly to extend system life.
• Keep an up-to-date map and notes of all system components and replacements.

Resources

• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Private Onsite Wastewater Systems (POWTS):
• EPA – Septic Systems: