Septic in Cedar Hill, TX

Last updated: Mar 21, 2026

Welcome to Cedar Hill, where the rolling hills and cedar-lined lots give your home real character, and practical maintenance keeps it running smoothly. If you've ever wondered about wastewater options in this part of the metro, you're not alone. Is septic common in Cedar Hill? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home? The honest answer is: it depends on where you are. Some Cedar Hill neighborhoods are on city sewer, but many properties—especially out on hillside parcels or older rural-leaning streets—still rely on a septic system. If you're buying, check the property's wastewater service status and ask for the septic records if one exists. If a septic system is present, plan for regular care to keep it trouble-free.

Why Cedar Hill homes often use septic systems

High-level explanation: Septic exists here because central sewer service isn't always available on every street or lot, and on-site treatment can be the most practical, cost-effective solution for individual properties. Several local factors shape this reality:

  • Distance to sewer lines and terrain: The city's sewer mains don't always reach every hillside or long, narrow lot, so a septic system can be the sensible option.
  • Soil and site conditions: Cedar Hill soils can vary widely, with clay or limestone in some areas. Proper design, placement, and site analysis are essential for a reliable system.
  • Development history and cost: In some neighborhoods developed before dense sewer expansion, septic became the standard choice and remains common today.
  • Drainage and climate: Local rain patterns and drainage influence how a drain field performs, reinforcing the need for a system designed for your specific site.

What this means for you, as a Cedar Hill homeowner

A well-planned septic system operates quietly in the background. A poorly maintained one can cause backups, odors, and costly repairs. Practical steps to start with:

  • If buying, get a thorough septic evaluation if the home uses septic, and review any maintenance records.
  • Plan regular pumping and inspection (roughly every 3–5 years, depending on household size and usage).
  • Protect the drain field: avoid parking, heavy equipment, or planting trees and shrubs on or near the leach field; divert roof and surface water away from the area.
  • Use water wisely to extend tank life and reduce strain on the system.

As a local, neighborly pro, I'm here to help you navigate design, permitting, and maintenance with Cedar Hill's soils and codes in mind. Here are practical steps you can take right away.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Cedar Hill

Map of septic coverage in Cedar Hill, TX

Where septic systems are most common in Cedar Hill

  • Areas outside the municipal sewer service area: Cedar Hill has pockets where sewer mains haven't yet been extended, so homes rely on septic systems.
  • Rural and semi-rural parcels: Larger lots or developments on the fringe of town often use septic because sewer access is limited or costly to extend.
  • Older neighborhoods built before sewer lines were available: Some older homes were designed with septic to accommodate limited infrastructure at the time.
  • Hillsides and soils with challenging drainage: In spots where extending sewer is impractical due to topography or soil conditions, septic remains common.

Why these patterns show up in Cedar Hill

  • Cost and logistics of extending sewer: Building and maintaining long new mains isn't inexpensive, so septic is a practical option for some properties.
  • Lot size and zoning: Properties with larger lots or lower density development may favor on-site systems rather than tying into distant sewer lines.
  • Soil and drainage realities: Soil types that don't percolate quickly or have high groundwater can influence the choice to install or maintain a septic system rather than pursue trench-based sewer extensions.
  • Local regulations and utility boundaries: Availability of city sewer service depends on service area maps and approvals from the City of Cedar Hill and regional regulators.

Site and soil considerations in Cedar Hill

  • Soil variability: Cedar Hill soils range from slower-draining, clay-heavy layers to more permeable pockets. Soil tests and percolation tests are essential to determine if a septic system will function well on a property.
  • Drainage and slope: Drain fields need level, well-drained space. Steep slopes or compacted soils can complicate septic design and increase maintenance needs.
  • Water table and flood risk: Areas with high water tables or flood-prone zones require careful placement and design to prevent system backups.
  • Local expertise: Working with a licensed septic installer familiar with Dallas County and Cedar Hill conditions helps ensure proper sizing, placement, and setback compliance.

How to confirm if your Cedar Hill property uses septic

  1. Check sewer service availability with the City of Cedar Hill: contact the utilities or building department to see if sewer is available at your street or on your lot.
  2. Look up local regulations and guidance from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) on on-site wastewater systems (OSSF) to understand requirements and permits.
  3. Have a site evaluation: hire a licensed septic contractor to assess soil, setback requirements, and system design options for your specific lot.
  4. Review your property documents: plats, surveys, and vicinity sewer maps can indicate whether your area is served or septic is expected to be used.
  5. If in a service area, inquire about connection options and timelines with the City of Cedar Hill.

Maintenance and local considerations

  • Regular pumping: Most tanks benefit from pumping every 3–5 years, depending on tank size, household water use, and system design.
  • Protect the drain field: Avoid heavy equipment or vehicles on the leach field, and keep trees far enough away to prevent root intrusion.
  • Water-use habits: Distribute wastewater load, fix leaks, and minimize non-biodegradable materials going into the system.
  • Watch for signs: Slow drains, gurgling sounds, sewage odors, damp spots in the yard, or wet areas over the drain field warrant prompt inspection.

Resources and official guidance

  • City of Cedar Hill: main site for utilities and service area information:
  • Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (OSSF): official guidance on on-site wastewater systems and permitting:
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Septic systems): homeowner basics and maintenance tips: https://www.epa.gov/septic
  • Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (homeowner education): practical guidance on septic system maintenance: https://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Cedar Hill Should Know

How septic systems work vs municipal sewers

Septic systems treat wastewater on-site. A typical setup uses a buried septic tank and a drainfield that disperses liquid effluent into the soil. Solids settle in the tank, and bacteria help break them down before the liquid moves to the drainfield. Municipal sewer systems collect wastewater from many homes and carry it to a centralized treatment plant for processing. The key difference is who is responsible for maintenance and what happens if something goes wrong.

Cedar Hill realities: Do you have septic or sewer?

  • Your latest utility bill or service record will tell you whether you're on sewer. If you see a sewer charge, you're connected to a municipal system.
  • Look for signs in your yard, such as a buried septic tank lid or drainfield area, which suggests an OSSF septic system.
  • If you're unsure, ask your city's public works or a licensed septic professional to confirm. For official guidance and service questions, check the City of Cedar Hill's resources.

Cost and long-term considerations

  • Septic vs sewer carries different upfront and ongoing costs. A septic system requires a substantial one-time installation investment, plus regular pumping and maintenance.
  • A sewer connection typically involves installation or connection fees (if not already connected) and ongoing monthly or per-bill sewer charges from the utility.
  • Over the long term, septic maintenance is homeowner-driven but can extend the life of the system with proper care; sewer service is managed by the local utility but requires budgeting for monthly charges.

Maintenance responsibilities

  • Schedule regular pumping every 3–5 years (or as advised by a licensed professional) to keep solids from accumulating.
  • Conserve water and space out high-flow activities to protect the drainfield or sewer line.
  • Avoid flushing or pouring chemicals, solvents, grease, wipes, or non-biodegradable items that can clog tanks and pipes.
  • Keep cars, heavy equipment, and roots away from drainfield areas to prevent damage.
  • Have your system inspected after major events (flooding, drought, nearby construction) that could affect performance.

Signs of trouble and what to do

  • Slow drains, gurgling sounds, or wastewater backing up in sinks or toilets.
  • Bad odors near the septic tank, drainfield, or plumbing fixtures.
  • Wet, lush, or soggy areas above the drainfield; unusually high grass growth can indicate effluent surfacing.
  • Backups or frequent repairs indicating a failing system.
  • If you notice these signs, contact a licensed septic contractor or your local sewer authority for evaluation. Do not ignore symptoms, as early detection saves money and protects your property.

When to connect to sewer

  1. Confirm service availability with the City of Cedar Hill Public Works or your current utility provider.
  2. Compare the long-term costs and maintenance obligations of staying on septic versus joining the sewer system.
  3. Plan a transition if you are in a sewer service area, including permits, potential septic decommissioning steps, and scheduling with the utility.

Resources and official guidance

  • EPA: Septic Systems and Homeowners — practical guidance and maintenance tips.
  • City of Cedar Hill — Public Works / Water & Wastewater information and service inquiries. https://www.cedarhilltx.com/

Typical Septic System Types in Cedar Hill

Conventional gravity septic systems

  • How they work: A septic tank separates solids from effluent; clarified liquid exits by gravity into a soil absorption field (drainfield).
  • Best fit: Soils with good natural drainage and adequate depth to the water table.
  • Pros: Simple design, typically lowest upfront cost; easy to pump and inspect.
  • Cons: Performance depends on soil quality; high clay content or shallow groundwater can require alternatives.
  • Maintenance focus: Regular pumping (commonly every 3–5 years, depending on usage), limit harsh chemicals, and protect the drainfield from heavy vehicle or structural loads.
  • Official reference: See Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) On-Site Sewage Facilities guidelines for design and permitting:

Sand filter and other secondary treatment systems

  • How they work: Pretreated effluent passes through a sand or engineered media filter before dispersion into the drainfield.
  • Best fit: Lots with fluctuating water tables or soils that are difficult to treat with gravity alone.
  • Pros: High level of treatment, adaptable to challenging sites.
  • Cons: More complex and costly; requires ongoing maintenance of filter media.
  • Maintenance focus: Regularly inspect media, pump/clear filters per manufacturer guidance, and schedule professional checks.
  • Official reference: Look for state OSSF guidance on secondary treatment options: https://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitting/ossf

Chamber systems and other compact/innovative absorbers

  • How they work: Prefabricated, wide, shallow chambers replace traditional trench trenches to create the absorption area.
  • Best fit: Narrow lots or where space is limited but a robust drainfield is needed.
  • Pros: Easy installation, flexibility in layout, often lighter to transport.
  • Cons: Requires proper design and installation to avoid clogging and compaction.
  • Maintenance focus: Avoid compaction around chambers; monitor for wet spots and ensure proper maintenance.

Drip irrigation and evapotranspiration (ET) beds (where permitted)

  • How they work: Treated effluent is dispersed through drip lines or ET beds for soil-based reuse.
  • Best fit: Suitable climates and soils; region-specific permitting and design required.
  • Pros: Water-efficient use of treated effluent; can spread load over larger areas.
  • Cons: More complex to design and regulate; strict setback and climate considerations.
  • Official reference: For regulatory context, check TCEQ OSSF guidelines and local health authority guidance: https://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitting/ossf

Choosing and designing a Cedar Hill system often involves soil testing, local permitting rules, and lot-specific constraints. For official requirements and design standards, consult the TCEQ OSSF resources and your local health department:

Common Septic Issues in Cedar Hill

Drain field saturation and soil drainage

  • Cedar Hill sits on predominantly heavy clay soils with limited natural drainage and in places a high water table. After heavy rains or rapid snowmelt, the drain field can become saturated, preventing effluent from percolating properly.
  • Signs you're dealing with this in Cedar Hill: soggy patches over the leach field, persistent surface odor, wet areas that don't dry out, or slow drains throughout the home.
  • Cedar Hill-specific factors: clay soils, hillside lots, and directing stormwater toward the system can magnify field saturation. In wet springs, even well-designed systems can struggle if surface water isn't redirected away from the leach field.
  • What to do:
    1. Conserve water during and after heavy rain (spread out laundry, delay large loads, run full loads less often).
    2. Redirect roof and surface water so it moves away from the drain field and away from downspouts.
    3. Have a licensed septic professional inspect for signs of chronic saturation and consider field upgrades (e.g., a raised mound or alternative drainfield design if the soil percolation is consistently poor).
    4. Avoid driving or placing heavy equipment on the drain field to prevent soil compaction.
  • Official resources: EPA Septic Systems and SepticSmart guidance (for best practices and maintenance):

Tree roots and landscaping encroachment

  • Cedar Hill neighborhoods often feature mature trees whose roots crave moisture and nutrients. Roots can invade septic lines, infiltrate the drain field, crack pipes, or reduce soil permeability.
  • Cedar Hill-specific risks: long-lived oaks and other deep-rooted species near the system increase the chance of intrusion, especially if the drain field is bordered by shrubs or decorative planting.
  • What to do:
    1. Have a professional assess the distance between trees, shrubs, and the septic system components; consider relocating plantings if roots are creeping toward the field.
    2. Plant only shallow-rooted species and keep root zones well outside the drain field footprint.
    3. Install root barriers where removal isn't feasible and ensure irrigation is kept away from the system.
    4. Maintain routines to monitor for early signs of intrusion (musty odors, slow drains, or sudden damp areas).
  • Official resources: EPA SepticSmart and homeowner guidance: https://www.epa.gov/septic/septicsmart

Tank maintenance, solids buildup, and aging OSSFs

  • Septic tanks need periodic pumping to remove solids before they reach the drain field. In Cedar Hill, older installations or systems with heavy usage (garbage disposals, guests, irrigation) can accumulate solids faster.
  • Signs: backups, toilets or drains gurgling, standing water near the septic area, or a noticeable odor from the yard.
  • Cedar Hill-specific considerations: older homes or those with undersized tanks relative to current use are at higher risk of solids overload and drain-field stress.
  • What to do:
    1. Establish a pumping interval based on tank size, household size, and actual usage (many homes are in the 3–5 year range; some may require more frequent service).
    2. Have the tank inspected for baffle integrity and evidence of solids breakthrough.
    3. Avoid flushing wipes, fats, oils, and non-dispersables; use septic-safe products.
    4. Keep records of maintenance and plan ahead for any needed repairs or upgrades.
  • Official resources: EPA septic information and owner's guide: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Water usage patterns and seasonal stress

  • Heavy water use (long showers, multiple loads of laundry, irrigation) combined with Cedar Hill's climate can push systems beyond their capacity, especially during droughts followed by heavy rains.
  • What to do:
    1. Use water-sense devices (low-flow fixtures, high-efficiency appliances) and spread out water use to avoid peak loads.
    2. When irrigation runs, ensure drainage away from the septic area and avoid applying fertilizer or watering near the drain field.
    3. If you notice repeated backups after seasonal spikes, have the system evaluated for potential upgrading or reseeding a new drain-field design.
  • Official resources: EPA SepticSmart materials and general guidance: https://www.epa.gov/septic/septicsmart

Official resources

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who issues permits in Cedar Hill

  • Septic permits are handled at both state and local levels. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) administers the On-Site Sewage Facilities (OSSF) program statewide.
  • Local oversight is typically carried out by the city building department or the county health department. In Cedar Hill, verify whether you should work with the City of Cedar Hill Building Department or Dallas County Health and Human Services for intake, inspections, and final approvals.
  • Always confirm the correct office before starting work to avoid delays or noncompliance. Official resource: TCEQ OSSF program (ossf) and Cedar Hill's city site for permits.

What work typically requires a permit

  • New OSSF installation (brand-new system)
  • Replacement or major repair of an existing system
  • Subsystem or component replacement (tank, pump, lines)
  • Modifications that affect drainage patterns, setbacks, or approved design
  • Abandonment or decommissioning of an existing system

How to apply for a permit (step-by-step)

  1. Hire a licensed OSSF designer/installer to evaluate your site and prepare a plan.
  2. Obtain an approved soil evaluation and site assessment as required by TCEQ.
  3. Submit the permit package to the correct local authority (City of Cedar Hill Building Department or Dallas County Health Department) with all plans, specifications, and fees.
  4. Await review and respond to any questions from the issuing office.
  5. Once approved, receive the permit and schedule required inspections.
  6. Complete inspections during installation and obtain final approval before use.

The inspection process (what to expect)

  • Pre-construction steps: soil test, design review, and permit issuance.
  • During installation:
    • Inspecting septic tank placement, baffles, and connections
    • Verifying trench layout, distribution system, and soil absorption area
    • Monitoring backfill, compaction, and erosion controls
  • Post-installation:
    • Final inspection to confirm system is functioning as designed
    • Any required tests (e.g., pump test or system start-up)
  • Documentation: keep permit numbers, inspector names, dates, and final certification for your records.

Real estate transactions and septic oversight

  • Have a septic inspection as part of buying or selling a home with Cedar Hill area systems.
  • Lenders may require a current inspection or disclosure; Texas real estate rules encourage disclosure of known septic issues.
  • Seller's Disclosure: consider providing maintenance history and any prior repairs or pumping records.
  • Coordinate with a licensed inspector and ensure all permits are closed out or updated as needed.

Quick-reference resources

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Cedar Hill

Cedar Hill-specific considerations

Cedar Hill sits on clay-rich soils with variable drainage and a mature landscape with tree roots that love to seek out moist, underground conduits. In this area, drainfields can be especially vulnerable to root intrusion, soil compaction from vehicles, and seasonal swings between drought and heavy rain. High groundwater in wet periods and slow absorption in dense clay can lead to surface odors, soggy areas over the leach field, or a need for more frequent pumping. Understanding your soil, local rainfall patterns, and your landscaping helps you tailor maintenance to Cedar Hill realities.

Regular maintenance schedule

  • Most homes with conventional septic systems in Cedar Hill should plan for regular professional inspections every 1–3 years, and pumping every 3–5 years (range depends on household size, water use, and tank size). Use a licensed septic service familiar with local soil conditions.
  • Keep a simple log: date of service, any observations (smells, surfacing, soggy drainfield), and the contractor's recommended pumping interval.
  • If you have an alternative system (mound, aerobic, or other enhanced treatment), follow the manufacturer's maintenance plan and Texas regulations closely; these often require more frequent inspections and component replacements.

Pumping and inspection steps

  1. Schedule a licensed septic contractor who performs both pumping and tank inspection.
  2. Ask for a full tank pump-out and a baffle and inlet/outlet inspection to verify flow and integrity.
  3. Request an effluent filter check and, if present, cleaning or replacement advice.
  4. Have the drainfield inspected for signs of distress (standing water, lush but unhealthy weed growth, cracking, or odors near the tank).
  5. Keep records of tank size, last pump date, and current sludge/scum levels.
  6. If the inspector notes issues (cracked tank, failed baffles, or significant sediment), address them promptly to prevent more costly repairs.

Protect the drainfield and surrounding area

  • Limit traffic and heavy equipment on the drainfield area. Drive only on designated paths; avoid heavy loads that compact the soil.
  • Plant grass instead of deep-rooted shrubs or trees directly over the drainfield. Roots can clog or damage lines.
  • Plant only shallow-rooted plants nearby and maintain a clear zone for access to the tank and distribution box.
  • Water-use awareness: spread out irrigation, especially during Cedar Hill's hot months, and fix leaks quickly to minimize extra load on the system.
  • Avoid introducing chemicals that kill beneficial bacteria (like certain cleaners, paint thinners, gasoline, or vigorously concentrated solvents) into sinks or toilets.
  • Use a high-quality garbage disposal sparingly and consider composting organic waste to reduce solids entering the tank.

After heavy rain, drought, or extreme heat

  • Cedar Hill's clay soils can saturate after heavy rain, reducing drainage into the drainfield. If you notice surface damp spots or odors, reduce water use and call a licensed pro if conditions persist.
  • During drought, conserve water to reduce strain on the septic system; consider low-flow fixtures and repair leaks promptly.
  • In periods of extreme heat, monitor for odors or slow drainage and schedule a check if performance declines.

Seasonal considerations

  • Spring and fall inspections help catch root intrusion and soil-related issues as plants grow or slow down for the season.
  • Before planting trees or installing new landscaping, map out the septic system location and plan root barriers or buffering zones.

When to call a pro

  • You notice persistent odors, surfacing effluent, lush but unhealthy vegetation over the drainfield, soggy patches, or backups in sinks/toilets.
  • The system is older than 20–30 years or you've never had a documented inspection or pumping in many years.
  • Any cracks in the tank, damaged lids, or buried components are suspected.

Resources

  • Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) – On-Site Sewage Facilities (OSSF):

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Cedar Hill

Routine Septic Tank Pumping

  • What it includes: Pumping out the liquid waste and built-up sludge, clearing the inlet and outlet baffles if accessible, inspecting the lid and posts, and checking overall tank condition. Basic dye tests or simple measurements of sludge depth may be offered as add-ons.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: Many Cedar Hill homes sit on 1,000- to 1,500-gallon tanks; older properties may have smaller 750- to 1,000-gallon tanks. Access can be impacted by driveways, fencing, or landscaping, and clay-heavy soils in parts of the area can influence how often a tank needs pumping.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $350–$600 for a standard 1,000–1,500 gallon pump-out; $600–$800 for larger tanks or very heavy sludge. Expect occasional small add-ons for difficult access or disposal surcharges.

Septic Tank Inspection and Certification (OSSF Compliance)

  • What it includes: Visual inspection of tank components, sludge and scum depth assessment, check of baffles and outlets, inspection of effluent filters if present, and a basic evaluation of the leach field. A camera video inspection of lines may be added if problems are suspected.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: In Cedar Hill, older OSSFs may require periodic certification during ownership transfers or permit renewals. Soil type and field layout can affect the thoroughness of the inspection and any recommended repairs.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $150–$300 for a basic inspection; $300–$500 when a camera inspection or more detailed evaluation is added.

Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) and Alternative System Service

  • What it includes: Cleaning or replacing filters, checking the blower or aerator, verifying proper nutrient dosing (if applicable), inspecting alarms, and cleaning tanks or sumps as needed. ATUs and similar systems often require more frequent maintenance than standard tanks.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: ATUs are more common where soils are less permeable, a situation you'll see in parts of Cedar Hill. Service may require specialized parts or desert/odor control measures tailored to local systems.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $350–$700 per service visit; some systems with higher complexity or frequent service can run $800–$1,000 annually.

Drain Field Evaluation and Repair

  • What it includes: Soil and moisture assessment of the leach field, observation of surface indicators, pressure testing of lines, and root intrusion checks. Repairs may include trench repacking, lateral cleanouts, or reducing load on the field.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: Clay-rich or tight soils common in parts of Cedar Hill can shorten field life and raise repair costs. Early evaluation helps prevent costly field replacements.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: Evaluation $200–$500; partial repairs or trench restoration $2,000–$10,000; full field replacement can exceed $10,000 and approach $20,000+ in difficult sites.

Tank Risers, Lids, and Access Improvements

  • What it includes: Installing or extending risers, upgrading lids for safer, easier access, and sometimes adding concrete pads or step systems.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: Older installations may have buried or low-clearance lids, especially where drive configurations or landscaping have changed over time.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $600–$1,800 plus any concrete or landscaping work required.

Drain Line Cleaning and Camera Inspections

  • What it includes: High-pressure jetting to clear blockages, locating and exposing lines as needed, and camera inspections to identify root intrusion, breaks, or offset joints.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: Roots from trees and shrubs near right-of-way lines or property borders are common root culprits in Cedar Hill, making camera checks particularly useful.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $200–$500 for jetting and basic inspection; $500–$1,000 for comprehensive camera work and diagnostic reporting.

New Septic System Installation

  • What it includes: Site evaluation, soil testing, system design, permitting, trenching or mounding as required, installation, and start-up testing.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: Site conditions vary with soils and slope around Cedar Hill; many installations require a tailored design (e.g., mound or ATU options) to meet local requirements.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $10,000–$25,000+ depending on system type, soil, and lot constraints.

System Replacement and Tank Replacement

  • What it includes: Removal of an old tank, disposal, installation of a new tank, and recommissioning the system; may include mid-line upgrades like lids, risers, or reinforced chambers.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: When a field or tank reaches end of life, replacements are common in this area due to soil challenges and aging networks.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: Tank replacement roughly $3,000–$7,000; full system replacement with field work often $15,000–$30,000 depending on size and design.

Permitting, Design, and Site Assessments (Pre-Installation)

  • What it includes: Preliminary site assessment, soil tests, design planning, and obtaining necessary permits.
  • Cedar Hill specifics: Local permitting timelines and site requirements can influence project schedules; early planning helps avoid delays.
  • Typical cost in Cedar Hill: $2,000–$5,000 for design, testing, and permitting as part of a new installation or major replacement.

Official resources: