Septic in Fairfield County, SC

In Fairfield County, you'll notice a familiar rhythm: country drives, mature pines, and plenty of homes tucked onto plots where a private septic system quietly handles wastewater. It's the practical, dependable setup that keeps local living affordable and flexible for families who value space and privacy.

Is septic common in Fairfield County? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home? Yes. In this part of South Carolina, most residential properties outside town limits rely on on-site septic systems rather than centralized municipal sewer. Some newer developments or properties closer to towns may connect to public sewer, but for the vast majority of homes—especially on acreage or rural lots—septic is the norm. If you're buying, expect to encounter a septic tank and drain field, and plan for a professional inspection and proper maintenance records as part of the purchase process.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Fairfield County

• Rural layout and land use: Many lots are spacious, and centralized sewer lines aren't available to every neighborhood. Septic is often the most practical option for wastewater treatment on private property.
• Cost and practicality: Extending sewer service across rural terrain is expensive and time-consuming. On-site systems offer a cost-effective, flexible solution for homeowners.
• Soil and groundwater considerations: Fairfield soils and groundwater patterns influence how a system is designed and installed. A properly sized and located septic system protects wells and local water quality when installed and maintained correctly.
• Independence and convenience: Private septic gives homeowners control over their wastewater management, without reliance on a distant municipal system.

County growth history and how that has impacted septic coverage

• Historical roots as a rural, agricultural area: Fairfield County grew up with farms and homesteads that used on-site systems.
• Modern growth patterns: Proximity to the Charlotte area and major routes has spurred new housing and subdivisions. Where sewer wasn't extended, new homes still rely on septic, increasing the county's total septic inventory.
• Maintenance and coverage realities: As more homes sit on septic, older systems age and require more attention, upgrades, or replacements. The county's permitting and inspection processes help ensure systems perform well despite growth.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

The practical reality is simple: a blend of private wells, limited public sewer reach, and rural land parcels made on-site treatment the most sensible option for many Fairfield County homes. A well-designed, well-maintained septic system fits the local landscape and keeps households comfortable and environmentally responsible.

Keep reading for practical steps on maintenance, inspection, and finding a trusted local pro.

How Septic Is Regulated in Fairfield County

Who regulates septic systems here

• State control: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) sets the design, installation, and operating standards for on-site wastewater systems (septic systems) across the state.
• Local enforcement: Fairfield County Health Department issues permits, conducts inspections, and enforces local code requirements within Fairfield County.
• Professionals: On-site Wastewater System Professionals (OSWP) design and approve systems; licensed installers perform installations and must work within state and local rules.
• Records: System maintenance and pumping are typically documented and kept for property records; homeowners may be asked to share these records during inspections or sales.

Permits and plans: how to start

1. Hire the right people: Engage an OSWP or a licensed septic installer to evaluate your property and design a plan that meets state and county rules.
2. Site evaluation and soil testing: A soil evaluation is required to determine suitable locations for a drainfield and to identify system type (e.g., conventional, mound, or aerobic treatment unit).
3. Prepare plans for review: The designer prepares the system plan, including soil data, proposed system type, and setbacks. Submit these to Fairfield County Health Department for review.
4. Obtain permits: After plan approval, a construction permit is issued by the county health department to authorize installation.
5. Begin work with inspections: Install the system according to the approved plan and schedule required inspections (see below).

Design and installation requirements: what to expect

• System types: Fairfield County follows state guidelines for conventional, mound, and alternative systems based on soil, slope, and groundwater considerations.
• Setbacks and site criteria: Rules specify minimum distances from wells, property lines, buildings, leach fields, and water bodies, as well as soil/groundwater requirements.
• Materials and workmanship: Standards cover tank integrity, drainfield components, backfill methods, and proper venting and drainage.
• Documentation: The plan, installation permits, and final as-built drawings must be kept with the property records and shared with the county during inspections or if the property is sold.

Inspections and compliance: staying on the right side of the code

• Installation inspections: The county health department or its designee conducts inspections during key stages (e.g., pre-backfill, post-install, and final).
• Compliance checks: Inspectors verify that the system matches the approved plan, meets setback and soil requirements, and uses approved materials.
• Corrective actions: If issues are found, you'll be required to correct them before final approval or permit closure.
• Ongoing maintenance: Some systems, especially alternative technologies, may require monitoring or service agreements; follow the OSWP's maintenance plan to stay compliant.

Maintenance and records: keeping it simple

• Routine pumping: Septic tanks should be pumped at intervals recommended by the OSWP, based on house size, number of occupants, and tank size.
• Record-keeping: Keep pumping receipts and maintenance notes; you may need to show records when selling the home or during county reviews.
• Permeable surfaces and use: Protect the drainfield from heavy equipment, driveways, and planting trees or shrubs with deep roots over the system.
• Water use: Efficient water use helps extend the life of the system and reduces stress on the drainfield.

What happens if something goes wrong

• Noncompliance consequences: Failing to meet permit conditions or causing system failures can trigger fines, required repairs, or orders to disconnect or replace parts of the system.
• Corrective timeline: If deficiencies are found, work must be completed within a designated timeframe and re-inspected.
• Sale disclosures: Septic system condition and maintenance history are commonly disclosed during real estate transactions.

Resources for Fairfield County homeowners

• South Carolina DHEC – Onsite Sewage/Wastewater:
• Fairfield County Health Department – contact and permit/testing information (use Fairfield County official site for local guidance):
• State guidelines and regulations overview (for deeper reading on rules like setbacks, design criteria, and permit processes): check DHEC's onsite wastewater resources and linked PDFs on their site.

Soil, Groundwater & Environmental Factors in Fairfield County

Soils and septic performance in Fairfield County

• Soil texture and structure determine how well wastewater can infiltrate the ground. Fairfield County soils range from sandy loam to heavier clays, which means drain fields may perform very differently from site to site.
• Depth to restrictive layers (like hardpan or clay) and to bedrock affects how far effluent can travel. If the soil is too shallow or poorly draining, effluent may surface or back up.
• Soil compaction and organic matter content influence permeability. Compacted or saturated soils slow-infiltration, increasing the risk of surface pooling or system failure.
• Slopes and drainage patterns matter. Steep slopes can cause rapid runoff and erosion of the drain field area, while flat, poorly drained zones can lead to standing water.
• Practical takeaway: always verify site-specific soil conditions with a licensed septic designer and, when needed, a formal soil percolation test. For official guidance on soil and septic design, see the SC DHEC On-Site Sewage Systems resources at and general EPA septic guidance at

Environmental features to consider

• Wetlands, streams, and drainage corridors influence how and where a drain field can be placed. These features affect soil moisture, filtration, and regulatory setbacks.
• Karst geology and sinkhole-prone areas, while more common in other parts of SC, can still occur in pockets of Fairfield County. Avoid areas with known voids or unusual void-space patterns without a professional assessment.
• Protecting groundwater quality means mindful maintenance and avoiding dye tests or chemical dumping near septic areas.
• Nearby land use, such as construction or landscaping changes, can alter drainage and soil structure over time. Regular inspections help catch problems early.

Step-by-step planning for Fairfield County homeowners

1. Obtain a site-specific soil and percolation evaluation from a licensed professional. This informs whether a conventional drain field, mound, or alternative system is needed.
2. Review county and state environmental constraints (flood zones, wetlands, wells, and drainage) using local GIS tools or your designer.
3. Choose a licensed septic designer or engineer who understands Fairfield County conditions and SC DHEC requirements for on-site systems.
4. Plan for groundwater dynamics: position the system away from potential high-water zones, wells, and flood-prone areas; consider protective measures if you're in a wet climate.
5. Maintain the system to minimize soil saturation around the drain field: limit heavy equipment on the absorption area, divert surface water away, and schedule regular inspections and pumping as recommended.

Quick-access resources

• SC Department of Health and Environmental Control (On-Site Sewage Systems):

Quick evaluation checklist

• Do you have a recent soils report or percolation test?
• Is the proposed drain field away from wells, streams, and wetlands?
• Is the site prone to standing water or seasonal high water tables?
• Have you consulted a licensed septic designer familiar with Fairfield County conditions?

Typical Septic System Types in Fairfield County

Conventional gravity septic systems

• How it works: Wastewater flows by gravity from a home into a buried septic tank, where solids settle. Clearer effluent exits into a perforated pipe network (absorption field) buried in the soil.
• Best when: Soil has good percolation, ample depth to groundwater, and adequate native absorption capacity.
• Pros: Lower upfront cost, fewer moving parts, generally reliable with good soils.
• Cons: Performance depends on soil quality; if the soil is clayey, shallow, or prone to high water tables, the system may fail or require replacement with an enhanced design.
• Maintenance notes: Pump out the tank per your designer's recommendation (typically every 3–5 years for a family), avoid flushing solids, fats, or chemicals that disrupt beneficial bacteria.

Tip: In Fairfield County, soil conditions can vary; a soil test and site evaluation help confirm suitability for conventional gravity systems. See SC DHEC guidance for regulations and design details:

Pressure-dosed and mound systems

• How it works: When soil depth or absorption capacity is limited, a pump sends effluent to a raised mound or pressure-dosed absorber, which sits closer to or above the surface and provides better infiltration.
• When it's used: Shallow bedrock, high seasonal water tables, or poor percolation in deeper layers.
• Pros: Expands feasible sites without moving the home; can handle more demanding soils.
• Cons: Higher upfront cost; more components to monitor (pump, control panel, liner integrity).
• Maintenance notes: Check pump and alarms regularly; have the absorption area inspected if you notice pooling, soggy spots, or sewage odors near the mound.

Official references: SC DHEC regulates these systems and provides installation and maintenance guidance. See https://scdhec.gov/environment/water-environment/onsite-wastewater-treatment-systems-owts

Sand filters and evapotranspiration (ET) beds

• How it works: Treated effluent from a septic tank goes through a secondary treatment (sand filter) or ET bed where soil and sand media remove additional contaminants before reaching the native soil.
• Pros: Additional treatment can extend system life in challenging soils; can reduce impact on groundwater when properly maintained.
• Cons: Requires space for the filter or bed; ongoing maintenance and occasional media replacement may be needed.
• Maintenance notes: Inspect filter/bed surfaces for clogging, vegetation health, and proper drainage; follow a service schedule from a licensed designer.

Learn more about advanced onsite systems at EPA's septic page: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Aerobic treatment units (ATU) and other advanced systems

• How it works: An ATU provides aerobic treatment, delivering higher-quality effluent to the absorption area. Often paired with a disinfection step before release.
• Pros: Can work well in challenging soils; typically more tolerant of fluctuations in water use.
• Cons: Higher energy use and maintenance needs; more complex components mean more potential service calls.
• Maintenance notes: Regular servicing by a licensed professional is essential; keep records of pump-outs, inspections, and repairs.

SC DHEC publishes regulatory and maintenance expectations for these systems: https://scdhec.gov/environment/water-environment/onsite-wastewater-treatment-systems-owts

Drip irrigation and other alternative systems

• How it works: Treated effluent is delivered in low-volume pulses around landscaping or gardens rather than a traditional trench field.
• Pros: Efficient water use; suitable for properties with limited space or specific landscape goals.
• Cons: Requires careful design, zoning approvals, and ongoing maintenance; system integrity is crucial to prevent leaks.
• Maintenance notes: Monitor drip emitters, filtration, and pump operation; protect lines from damage and freezing.

Site and design quick-check steps for Fairfield County homeowners

1. Get a professional soil evaluation and site assessment for your property.
2. Confirm local permit and design requirements with SC DHEC or a licensed septic designer.
3. Choose a system type based on soil percolation, groundwater depth, and landscape needs.
4. Plan for regular maintenance: pump outs, inspection schedules, and recordkeeping.
5. Keep a buffer from wells, streams, and property lines as required by regulations.

For regulatory detail and best-practice maintenance, consult SC DHEC's On-site Wastewater Systems resources and EPA's septic guidance:

• SC DHEC OWTS guidance: https://scdhec.gov/environment/water-environment/onsite-wastewater-treatment-systems-owts
• EPA septic systems overview: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Typical Septic Issues Across Fairfield County

Common symptoms and early red flags

• Slow drains in sinks, tubs, and showers
• Frequent toilet backups or clogs
• Gurgling noises in the plumbing
• Strong sewage odors around drains, the yard, or crawl space
• Wet, soggy spots or unusually lush grass over the drainfield

If you notice these, it's a sign the system is struggling and may need a professional inspection.

Area-specific factors in Fairfield County

• Soil and drainage: many parts of Fairfield County have clay-heavy soil that drains slowly and can saturate the drainfield after rain.
• Water table and rainfall: seasonal rainfall and high water tables can reduce percolation and lead to surface effluent or backups.
• Home size and usage: larger households or homes with heavy laundry and irrigation use put more stress on the system.

Common causes in Fairfield County

• Overloading with water: rapid, heavy use from laundry, baths, and irrigation overwhelms the tank and drainfield.
• Poor drainfield protection: parking vehicles or placing structures over the drainfield compresses soil and damages the absorption area.
• Root intrusion: trees and shrubs planted near the drainfield can have roots that clog or damage pipes.
• Inadequate maintenance: skipping regular pumping and inspections increases the risk of solids buildup and drainfield failure.
• Improper waste disposal: fats, oils, grease, chemicals, and non-degradable items can kill beneficial bacteria and clog pipes.

Quick-check steps you can take now

1. Observe drainage after showers and laundry. If water backs up or drains unusually slowly, note the pattern.
2. Inspect the yard for standing water or unusually green, lush patches that don't match the rest of the lawn—these can indicate a drainfield issue.
3. Look for strong odors near plumbing vents, around the septic tank lid, or in the yard.
4. Ensure access lids and the area around the tank are clear and not buried under mulch or soil.

When to call a septic professional

• Sewage backups into sinks, tubs, or basement drains
• Persistent strong odors despite basic maintenance
• Persistent wet spots or surfacing effluent in the yard
• An alarm or indicator from a septic system control panel

Maintenance plan for Fairfield County homes

• Pump the septic tank regularly: most homes with 1,000-gallon tanks and typical family usage benefit from pumping every 3–5 years; larger households or heavier usage may require more frequent service. Have a licensed septic professional tailor a schedule for your system.
• Manage water use: spread out laundry, avoid long showers back-to-back, and stagger irrigation to reduce peak loads on the tank.
• Be careful with what goes into the system: use septic-safe cleaners, don't flush wipes (even "flushable" ones), avoid putting fats, oils, grease, chemicals, paints, or solvents down drains, and limit garbage disposal use.
• Protect the drainfield: keep cars, heavy equipment, and structures off the drainfield; plant only shallow-rooted grasses and avoid deep-rooted trees nearby.
• Schedule inspections: annual or semiannual inspections by a licensed septic professional help catch small problems before they become backups.

Official guidance and regulations for onsite wastewater in South Carolina can be found through the SC DHEC Onsite Wastewater Program (and general EPA information on septic systems (https://www.epa.gov/septic).

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who regulates septic systems here

• State role: The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) sets statewide rules for onsite wastewater systems and licenses onsite wastewater professionals.
• Local role: Fairfield County Environmental Health Office handles most residential permits, inspections, and records, coordinating with DHEC as needed.
• If you're unsure who to contact, start with Fairfield County's Environmental Health Office and ask for the onsite wastewater program contact.

What an inspection covers

• A licensed inspector will check:
  • Tank condition, lids, and access risers; baffles and outlets in good shape
  • Proper pump and electrical components (if you have a pumping chamber)
  • Leach field or drainfield condition, soil absorption performance, and evidence of pooling or saturation
  • Separation distances from wells, property lines, foundations, and other structures

-Ventilation, odor, and signs of system distress or root intrusion

• Adequate setback from wells, streams, and septic components

After inspection, you'll receive a report with any needed repairs or improvements and a path to compliance.

When you'll need a permit

• New systems: Permit required before installation begins.
• Repairs or replacements: Permit or notification may be required for major repairs or system replacement.
• System upgrades or changes: If you expand capacity, change use, or retrofit to an aerobic or advanced treatment unit, permit action is usually needed.
• Record-keeping: You'll typically need an as-built diagram (post-installation site plan) and final inspection approval to close the permit.

Steps to get a permit (typical flow)

1. Hire a licensed onsite wastewater professional (OWP) or soil evaluator to assess the site and design a compliant system.
2. Have the soil evaluated and system design prepared for Fairfield County's review.
3. Submit the permit package to the Fairfield County Environmental Health Office (or the appropriate county department) with:
   • Site plan showing setbacks and existing structures
   • Soil report or evaluation
   • System design drawings and materials list
   • Any required fees
4. Wait for local and, if needed, state review and approval.
5. Schedule the installation with a licensed contractor and the inspector.
6. After installation, arrange the final inspection. The inspector will verify the as-built against the approved plan.
7. Submit as-built documentation and receive final permit approval and closure.

Do I need to involve DHEC directly?

• Most residential septic permits and inspections are routed through Fairfield County, but DHEC oversees statewide regulations and can review certain aspects or provide guidance if a county office requests it. If you're unsure, ask your county health office to coordinate with DHEC.

What to expect on inspection day

• Bring the permit or case number, and copies of the approved plan.
• Ensure all access points are clear and the area around the tanks and drainfield is unobstructed.
• Have a contact number ready in case the inspector needs to reach you during the visit.

Maintenance and ongoing oversight

• Some systems (especially newer or advanced treatments) require periodic maintenance visits and a maintenance agreement or plan on file.
• Keep records: permits, inspections, as-builts, and maintenance receipts should be saved with your home documents.

Helpful resources

• South Carolina DHEC – Onsite Wastewater Systems:
• Fairfield County Government (official portal):

If you're planning a new system, a major repair, or a subdivision-level change, contact Fairfield County Environmental Health Office first to confirm the exact permit path and required documents for your property.

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Fairfield County

Septic Tank Pumping

• What it includes: Removing accumulated sludge and scum, inspecting tank conditions (baffles, integrity), and ensuring lids are secure after service.
• Fairfield County specifics: Many homes sit on tight lots with older concrete or steel tanks; clay soils and shallow groundwater can affect access and pumping frequency. Access lid height and tank size drive cost variations.
• Typical cost: $300–$700.

Septic System Inspection

• What it includes: Visual inspection of the tank, access risers if present, drain field condition, pump status, and evidence of backups; may include a dye test or limited camera work for a thorough evaluation.
• Fairfield County specifics: For home sales or financing, lenders often require a formal inspection; if the system is older or if a dye test is added, expect higher cost and longer turnaround.
• Typical cost: Basic inspection $100–$250; full inspection with dye test or extended assessment $300–$500.

CCTV Camera / Line Evaluation and Jetting

• What it includes: CCTV inspection from the tank to the drain field to identify cracks, root intrusion, or blockages; optional minor jetting to clear a simple clog.
• Fairfield County specifics: Root intrusion from nearby trees and dense clay soils are common, so a camera check helps decide whether a field replacement is needed.
• Typical cost: $200–$600 (tank-to-field inspection; jetting adds on).

Drain Field Evaluation / Soil Evaluation

• What it includes: Soil testing (perc or infiltration assessment), mapping of the drain field, and evaluation of whether the current field or a replacement is viable.
• Fairfield County specifics: Heavily clay soils and variable water tables can necessitate more thorough evaluation and sometimes an alternative system (e.g., mound) design.
• Typical cost: $500–$1,500.

Drain Field Repair or Replacement

• What it includes: Replacing damaged trenches, piping, and stone bed; may involve trenching, backfilling, and restoring grade.
• Fairfield County specifics: Clay soils and groundwater in parts of Fairfield County can complicate repair work, sometimes pushing projects toward a mound or alternative field.
• Typical cost: $3,000–$15,000 for standard repair/replacement; $12,000–$25,000+ for mound or special systems.

Septic Tank Risers and Lids

• What it includes: Installing or upgrading access risers and secure lids to bring tank access to grade for easier future pumping and inspection.
• Fairfield County specifics: Older systems are often buried; risers reduce future labor and potential damage during pumping.
• Typical cost: $300–$800.

Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) System Maintenance

• What it includes: Regular service visits, filter changes, aerator checks, and pump/solenoid testing; some homes use ATUs due to water-permeability limitations.
• Fairfield County specifics: ATU systems are common where field soil conditions are tight; many homeowners opt for annual maintenance contracts.
• Typical cost: $400–$900 per service; maintenance contracts $500–$900 per year.

New System Installation / Replacement

• What it includes: Design, permitting, soil testing, excavation, tank installation, drain field placement, and backfill; may include mound or other alternate system components.
• Fairfield County specifics: Heavier clay soils and groundwater considerations often lead to mound or alternative-system designs, which increases cost and complexity; permit fees apply.
• Typical cost: Conventional system $5,000–$12,000; mound/alternative systems $15,000–$35,000+.

Emergency Septic Service

• What it includes: 24/7 response to backups or overflow, diagnosis, and rapid pumping as needed.
• Fairfield County specifics: After-hours calls can incur higher labor charges; backups in clay soils may require swift action to prevent damage.
• Typical cost: $150–$350 for the call-out; pumping and any needed repairs extra.

Planning your septic service budget

• Steps:
  1. Get 3 quotes for major work to compare scope and price.
  2. Schedule regular pumping to extend system life and avoid costly failures.
  3. Consider a maintenance contract for ATU or aerobic systems.
  4. Factor permit, inspection, and potential replacement costs into long-term plans.

Resources

• EPA:
• State and local health resources: check Fairfield County or SC county-level pages for current guidelines and fee schedules.

Septic vs Sewer Across Fairfield County

How septic systems work vs sewer service

In Fairfield County, homes either connect to a municipal sewer system or operate an on-site septic system. A septic system has a buried tank that holds and settles wastewater, with treated effluent discharged to a drain field. A sewer connection funnels all wastewater to a central treatment plant. With sewer, you pay monthly service charges to the utility; with a septic system, you're responsible for maintaining the system on your property.

Cost considerations

Costs can swing based on lot size, soil, and local rates. Here's how to think about it:

• Installation and hookup
  • Septic: one-time cost to install or repair the on-site system.
  • Sewer: one-time hookup fee to connect to the municipal system, plus the first month or two of service setup.
• Ongoing expenses
  • Septic: periodic pumping (typically every 3–5 years), routine inspections, and occasional repairs.
  • Sewer: predictable monthly or quarterly charges, with no pumping or direct tank maintenance.
• Long-term planning
  • Septic: major repair or replacement if the tank or drain field fails.
  • Sewer: routine billings continue, but there's no drain-field replacement on your property to worry about.

Site suitability in Fairfield County

Your land and soil matter a lot. Consider:

• Soil permeability and depth to groundwater; poor soils can raise installation costs or risk drain-field failure.
• Lot size and drainage patterns; larger lots with suitable soil are better for septic.
• Nearby wells, streams, and flood-prone areas; local regulations may restrict drain-field placement.
• Availability of sewer lines; many parts of the county may not have modern sewer access yet.

Consult with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) and your local utility to confirm what applies to your property:

Pros and cons at a glance

• Septic system
  • Pros: independence from a sewer utility, no monthly sewer bill, potential long-term cost savings with proper maintenance.
  • Cons: requires regular pumping and maintenance, risk of drain-field failure, impact on home resale if not well maintained.
• Sewer service
  • Pros: no on-site pumping, predictable bills, no drain-field concerns, fewer on-property maintenance tasks.
  • Cons: ongoing monthly charges, possible rate increases, potential service outages, reliance on utility infrastructure.

Decision steps for Fairfield County homeowners

1. Confirm sewer availability for your property with your local government or utility.
2. Request a current hookup cost estimate and ongoing service rates for sewer, and compare to anticipated septic pumping and maintenance costs.
3. If you already have a septic system, schedule a professional inspection to assess tank condition, drain-field health, and pumping schedule.
4. Evaluate lot and soil conditions with a licensed septic contractor or a soil test professional to determine long-term viability of a septic system.
5. Consider resale implications and long-term reliability based on your household's water usage patterns and maintenance willingness.

Maintenance and reliability

• Septic system maintenance
  • Pump every 3–5 years, more often in households with high wastewater volume.
  • Protect the drain field: avoid driving or parking over it; preserve root zones; limit solids and hazardous chemicals entering the system.
  • Use water wisely to reduce load on the tank.
  • Schedule regular inspections to spot issues early.
• Sewer service considerations
  • Monitor for notices from your utility about repairs or interruptions.
  • Maintain reasonable water use to minimize strain on aging municipal lines.
  • Report unusual wastewater odors or backups promptly to the utility.

Official resources:

• South Carolina DHEC Onsite Wastewater Program: