Septic in Williston, SC
Last updated: Mar 21, 2026
Williston welcomes neighbors who value practical, down-to-earth home care. When you turn on the tap, flush the toilet, or run the washing machine, you want things to just work—and that starts with a reliable septic system backed by local know-how.
Is septic common in Williston? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home? In Williston, septic is indeed the norm for many homes, especially in older neighborhoods and properties outside the city's sewer lines. If your home sits on a rural lot or in a subdivision without public sewer access, you'll likely have an on-site system. If you're shopping in or near town, you may find homes connected to municipal sewer, but the best practice is to verify with the seller, your real estate agent, or the county environmental health office. A quick, professional septic check can save you surprises after you move in.
Why homes typically use septic systems in Williston. First, extending a sewer main to every property in a rural area is expensive and often impractical. A well-designed on-site system lets wastewater be treated where it's generated, right on the lot. Second, Williston's mix of soils and site conditions means a properly sized septic system can work well when installed and maintained correctly. Third, many Williston homes sit on larger lots where public sewer isn't readily available, making septic a practical and economical choice for everyday use. Fourth, local rules require permits, inspections, and proper maintenance—so you're investing in a system that's overseen for safety and environmental protection.
High-level explanation: At its core, a septic system is a simple, on-site wastewater treatment process. Wastewater flows into a tank where solids settle, then clarified liquid moves to a drain field where soils provide the final filtration. Regular pumping, avoiding flushing non-biodegradables, and keeping roots and heavy use away from the drain field help the system perform as intended and last longer.
In the following sections you'll find practical tips on maintenance, inspection, and buying a home with septic.
Where Septic Systems Are Common in Williston
Rural, outlying areas
- Williston covers a lot of open land and farms. In these areas, most homes rely on septic systems because there isn't a public sewer line nearby.
- Larger lot sizes and historic development patterns mean private septic is the norm rather than the exception.
- Why it's common: extending sewer mains to rural parcels is expensive, and many homeowners value the flexibility of a private system on a bigger yard.
Town center and main corridors
- In Williston's core and along some arterial routes, you'll find homes and small businesses that are connected to municipal sewer where infrastructure exists.
- However, not every street or parcel is served. Some older or small lots still use septic until a tie-in becomes available.
- Why it's common here: infrastructure footprints are smaller, but sewer access is mixed, so septic remains a practical option for many properties.
Soil and groundwater considerations
- Williston sits on a mix of soils, from reasonably permeable layers to heavier clays. Drain-field performance depends on local soil conditions.
- In areas with poor drainage or a higher water table, alternative systems (such as mound systems) are more common to protect groundwater and ensure proper treatment.
- Why it's common: soil suitability drives system choice. Septic can work well when properly sized and sited, but soils with limited percolation require specialized designs.
How to tell if your Williston property uses septic or sewer
- Check with local authorities to confirm service status for your address (Town of Williston or Barnwell County offices can confirm sewer connections).
- Look for a septic tank access lid or a marked drainfield area on your property.
- Review past permits or property records for a septic system installation or upgrade date.
- Observe signs of drainage issues or odors, which can indicate a septic system needs attention.
Common septic system types you might encounter in Williston
- Conventional septic system with a buried septic tank and drain field.
- Mound system, used when soil depth or drainage isn't ideal for a standard drain field.
- Sand filter or alternative treatment systems for challenging soils or high effluent demands.
- Pressure-dair or drip irrigation systems in specialty situations or with nearby landscape needs.
Maintenance considerations that are especially relevant here
- Regular pumping every 3–5 years, or per a licensed professional's guidance, helps prevent failure.
- Keep an eye on the drain field: avoid compaction, don't park vehicles on the drain-field area, and manage drainage patterns to prevent water pooling.
- Use water efficiently: spreading out heavy-water uses reduces strain on the system.
Helpful resources
- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) – Onsite Sewage Systems:
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Septic Systems:
Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Williston Should Know
How Williston households typically connect
- In Williston, many homes rely on private septic tanks rather than municipal sewer lines. If your home is connected to sewer, your monthly bill covers wastewater handling and maintenance; if not, you own and maintain the septic system.
- Your choice affects long-term costs, environmental impact, and responsibilities for repairs and inspections.
Septic system basics
- How it works: Wastewater flows from your home into a septic tank, where solids settle. Liquids move to the drainfield (leach field) where microbes treat the effluent before it re-enters the soil.
- Key components: a septic tank, an underground drainfield, and proper distribution lines. Regular pumping removes accumulated solids that could clog the system.
- What can and cannot go in: Use water efficiently and avoid flushable wipes, grease, coffee grounds, solvents, and harsh chemicals that disrupt beneficial bacteria. Learn more: and https://www.epa.gov/septic
Pros and cons at a glance
- Septic pros: lower ongoing costs for many households, independence from utility schedules, suitable for rural lots.
- Septic cons: responsibility for pumping, inspections, and potential drainfield repairs; failures can cause backups and environmental risk.
- Sewer pros: centralized maintenance, reduced on-site risk of backups due to residence, predictable wastewater billing.
- Sewer cons: monthly fees regardless of usage, potential for city-wide service disruptions, ongoing capital improvements funded by ratepayers.
Maintenance essentials and costs
- Pumping frequency: Most homes with standard tanks require pumping about every 3–5 years, depending on tank size, household size, and usage. Track pumping dates and tank size with your records.
- Water use: Spread out washing machine cycles, fix leaks promptly, and use water-efficient fixtures to protect the drainfield.
- Drainage care: Protect the drainfield by avoiding heavy construction or parking on it; keep landscaping and roots away from the soil absorption area.
- Inspections: Have a septic professional inspect your system after new construction, after severe weather, or before buying/selling a home.
- Record-keeping: Maintain all inspection, pumping, and repair receipts in one place for easy reference.
Signs of trouble to watch for
- Slow drains, gurgling sounds, or sewage backups.
- Unpleasant odors near the septic tank, drainfield, or plumbing fixtures.
- Marshy spots, unusually lush grass, or wet areas over the drainfield.
- Frequent need for pump-outs or repeated repairs.
Questions to ask when evaluating a Williston property
- Is the home on a septic system or connected to sewer? When was the last pump-out?
- What is the tank size, and where is the access riser located?
- Has the drainfield ever shown problems or required modifications?
- Are septic permits and system repairs up to date with SCDHEC requirements?
- What maintenance schedule would you recommend given the soil and climate in Williston?
Official resources
Typical Septic System Types in Williston
Conventional septic systems
- Description: A gravity-fed setup with a septic tank and a drainfield. Solids stay in the tank while clarified effluent exits to soil absorption trenches.
- When it fits: Typical lots with decent soil, adequate depth to groundwater, and enough space for a drainfield.
- Pros/Cons: Simple, cost-effective, easy to maintain. Limited by soil percolation, groundwater depth, and lot size.
- What to expect: Regular pumping every 3–5 years for a standard system; annual inspections recommended for older installations.
Aerobic treatment units (ATUs)
- Description: Mechanically aerated systems that treat wastewater more thoroughly before it reaches the drainfield.
- Pros: Can work where soils are marginal or drainage is tight; higher-quality effluent can allow smaller drainfields.
- Cons: More energy use and more frequent professional servicing; components can be sensitive to improper use.
- Maintenance: Manufacturer-recommended service intervals, typically quarterly to yearly; professional inspections and filter/pump maintenance are common.
Mound systems
- Description: Raised "mounds" with an enhanced sand fill above native soil, plus buried drain lines. Used when the natural soil or shallow depth makes conventional drainfields impractical.
- Pros: Expands installation possibilities in Williston's soils and high water table situations.
- Cons: Higher upfront cost; more space required; ongoing monitoring of moisture and dosing is important.
- Maintenance: Routine field checks and periodic inspections of the dosing system.
- Description: Wastewater exits the tank and passes through a buried sand or media filter to remove more contaminants before reaching the drainfield.
- Pros: Improved effluent quality; can be paired with ATUs or conventional tanks.
- Cons: Additional mechanical components and occasional media replacement; can be more complex to repair.
- Maintenance: Regular filter inspection and occasional media replacement as recommended by the installer.
Drip irrigation and pressure distribution systems
- Description: Drains distribute effluent through emitters or pressure-dosed lines to a landscape or turf area.
- Pros: Efficient use of space, good for sloped or limited-lot sites; less surface disturbance.
- Cons: Higher design and installation costs; precise maintenance required to avoid emitter clogging.
- Maintenance: Pump checks, emitter cleaning, and zone testing as part of routine service.
Chamber systems
- Description: Drainfield trenches use modular plastic chambers instead of traditional gravel and trenches.
- Pros: Flexible layouts, quicker installation, good performance in varied soils.
- Cons: Some local regulations may favor other designs; ensure compatibility with local permitting.
- Maintenance: Periodic inspection of chambers and trenches; keep surface area clear of heavy loads.
Holding tanks
- Description: Sewage is stored in a tank and pumped out periodically; no drainfield is used.
- Pros: Useful where a drainfield isn't feasible or for seasonal properties.
- Cons: Odor potential, frequent pumping, and disposal logistics; requires regular service and permits.
- Maintenance: Scheduled pumping and licensed disposal; monitor for any tank degradation.
Evapotranspiration (ET) beds
- Description: A climate-dependent approach that relies on evaporation and plant uptake to treat wastewater.
- Pros: Low energy use and simple surface features in appropriate climates.
- Cons: Limited applicability in Williston's conditions; performance can vary with weather.
- When to consider: Consult your local health department to assess suitability.
Choosing the right system for your Williston property
- Step 1: Get a soil and site evaluation from your local environmental health office (Barnwell County) or SCDHEC.
- Step 2: Assess lot size, groundwater depth, and potential future bedroom additions.
- Step 3: Compare maintenance loads and energy costs; ATUs and drip systems require ongoing service.
- Step 4: Hire a licensed on-site wastewater contractor and secure all necessary permits before installation.
Maintenance basics
- Pumping schedule: Conventional systems typically 3–5 years; ATUs often 6–12 months or per manufacturer guidelines.
- Drain field protection: Avoid parking, heavy equipment, and tree roots over the drainfield.
- Water use: Space out large water-using tasks; fix leaks and use efficient fixtures.
- Signs to watch: Gurgling drains, damp spots, toilets slow to flush, or strong odors—call a pro promptly.
Where to learn more
- EPA septic systems:
- On-site wastewater information (general): refer to SCDHEC's site and your county health department for Williston-specific guidance
Common Septic Issues in Williston
Drain field saturation and soil conditions in Williston
Williston sits in a climate and soil mix that can challenge septic drain fields. Many homes there sit on red clay soils with a shallow, restrictive subsoil layer and a relatively high water table during wet months. Heavy spring rains and storm events can saturate the drain field, reducing the soil's ability to absorb effluent and causing backups or surface sogginess.
Signs to watch for:
- Slow drainage, gurgling toilets, or toilets that back up into sinks
- Patchy or unusually lush grass over the drain field
- Wet, swampy areas in your yard above the drain field
Why Williston-specific:
- Clay soils and shallow bedrock impede percolation, especially after rain
- Proximity to flood-prone areas and seasonal groundwater movement can push moisture toward the drain field
What to do:
- Schedule a site evaluation with a licensed on-site wastewater professional (per SC DHEC guidelines).
- If soils won't absorb efficiently, explore alternatives like a raised mound system or enhanced treatment with pressure dosing.
- Protect the drain field: keep heavy equipment, vehicles, and livestock off; direct roof and surface drainage away from the field.
- Maintain routine pumping (typically every 3–5 years, depending on use and system size).
For official guidelines and permitting details, see SC DHEC's On-Site Wastewater Systems page:
Tree roots and landscaping near septic systems
Aggressive tree roots and improper planting near tanks and fields are a common Williston issue. Roots can invade buried components, clog pipes, and damage the drain field, especially in compacted, shallow soils.
Signs to watch:
- Sudden backups or gurgling with no obvious plumbing cause
- Cracks or heaving along the septic area
- Unexplained wet spots or saturated areas in the yard far from the house
What to do:
- Locate the septic tank and drain field before planting; avoid digging near them.
- Maintain a setback of at least 10–15 feet from tanks and 20–30 feet from drain fields; choose plants with non-aggressive roots if you must plant nearby.
- Consider root barriers when you must plant nearby or relocate landscaping away from the system.
- Water wisely: deep, infrequent watering near the system is better than frequent shallow irrigation.
System aging and components
Older systems are common in Williston, and aging components can fail gradually. Tank baffles, lids, seals, and the effluent filter can degrade, leading to odors, slower performance, and backups.
Common failure signs:
- Foul sewer odors around the house or yard
- Standing water or damp areas over the drain field
- Backups in toilets or drains, especially after heavy use
What to do:
- Have a licensed professional inspect the tank, baffles, lids, and pumps.
- Schedule regular pumping every 3–5 years, or sooner with higher household water use.
- Replace faulty components (lids, baffles, pumps, filters) as needed.
- If the drain field fails, replacement or relocation may be required; avoid DIY repairs or entering a septic tank.
Water usage and household practices
Excessive water use or improper waste disposal accelerates system wear and reduces treatment capacity, a frequent issue for larger households or homes with older equipment.
Tips to protect the system:
- Use low-flow fixtures and fix leaks promptly; spread laundry across the week rather than all at once
- Limit garbage disposal use; avoid flushing wipes, feminine products, fats, oils, and chemicals
- Consider a high-efficiency washer and dishwasher; repair leaks promptly
- If you have a septic alarm or monitoring device, respond quickly to alerts
Seasonal weather and Williston-specific considerations
Seasonal patterns in Williston—especially heavy rains and occasional flooding—can stress septic systems. Waterlogged soils slow effluent absorption and increase odor risk, while rapid ground movement can affect the integrity of tanks and piping.
What to do after storms:
- Inspect for pooling water or unusually lush grass over the drain field following heavy rain.
- Keep vehicles and heavy equipment off the drain field during and after floods.
- Ensure downspouts and sump pumps discharge away from the septic system; redirect surface runoff to reduce field saturation.
For official guidelines and maintenance schedules, see SC DHEC's On-Site Wastewater Systems page: https://scdhec.gov/environment/waste-management/on-site-wastewater-systems
Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight
Who regulates septic permits in Williston, SC?
- In South Carolina, the statewide Onsite Wastewater Program through SCDHEC (South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control) is the primary authority for permitting and oversight of septic systems.
- Local involvement typically comes from the Barnwell County Health Department or the town's building/zoning office, depending on your exact address and project. It's common for the local office to route you to SCDHEC for the formal permit and inspections.
- Start by confirming with SCDHEC and your local health department which entity issues your permit and conducts inspections for your Williston property.
Link to official resource:
- SCDHEC Onsite Wastewater Systems:
- SCDHEC contact and office locator:
When is a permit required?
- New septic systems and replacements: Permits are typically required for installing a new system or replacing an existing one.
- Major repairs or changes: If you're relocating tanks, enlarging or relocating drain fields, or significantly altering the layout, a permit and plan review are usually needed.
- Routine maintenance and pumping: Regular pumping, lid replacement, or simple cleaning generally does not require a new permit, but substantial work on the system often does. Always check with the issuing authority to be sure.
How to determine the right authority in Williston
- Step-by-step starter:
- Review general requirements on SCDHEC's onsite wastewater page to understand what your project may need.
- Use SCDHEC's contact options to locate the local office serving Barnwell County.
- Call the Barnwell County Health Department to confirm whether they issue permits locally or if you'll be working directly with SCDHEC.
- If Williston has a town building or zoning office, ask them about any local permit nuances or additional approvals.
- Keeping this small checklist handy helps prevent delays at the permit counter.
The inspection process you should expect
- Site evaluation and design: A licensed onsite wastewater professional evaluates your property and designs a system that meets soil and setback requirements.
- Permit submission: Submit the plan, soils information, and a permit application with any required fees to the issuing authority.
- Plan review and approval: The authority reviews your design for compliance with state and local rules; you receive a permit number if approved.
- Installation inspections: Inspections occur at key milestones (pre-excavation/rough-in and final) to verify proper installation and materials.
- Final approval: After a successful final inspection, the system is approved for operation and records are filed.
- Record-keeping: Keep all permit documents, plan sheets, inspection reports, and any pumping or maintenance records for future reference.
Documents you should keep
- Permit application and approval letters, including permit numbers.
- Approved system design plans and soils report.
- All inspection reports with dates and inspector names.
- Maintenance contracts, service records, and pumping receipts.
- Any correspondence with SCDHEC or the local health department.
Maintenance and long-term oversight
- Schedule regular maintenance with a qualified onsite wastewater professional; most systems benefit from a pumping every 1–3 years, depending on usage and tank size.
- Keep a simple maintenance log: dates, service performed, and any recommendations.
- If you plan any additions or changes to your home (basement finish, new bathroom, etc.), revisit the permit requirements to avoid noncompliance.
- For official guidance and current requirements, refer to SCDHEC's Onsite Wastewater Systems page: https://scdhec.gov/environment/water-quality/onsite-wastewater-systems
- If you need to find a local contact, start at the SCDHEC main site: https://scdhec.gov/contact-us
Septic Maintenance for Homes in Williston
Williston-specific soil and water realities
Williston sits in a rural region with variable soils and significant rainfall events. Clay-rich layers, perched groundwater, and seasonal flooding can slow effluent percolation and stress the drain field after heavy storms. In late winter and spring, higher groundwater levels can reduce absorption and increase the chance of surface wet spots or backup odors. Always plan with local soil and water conditions in mind and follow South Carolina DHEC guidance for setbacks and installation. For official rules and guidance, see the SC DHEC On-site Sewage Disposal Systems page:
Regular inspection and pumping schedule
- Typical pumping frequency: every 3–5 years for a standard residential tank, depending on family size, tank size, and solids buildup. Smaller tanks or households with heavy use (garbage disposals, multiple occupants) may require more frequent pumping.
- Create a simple maintenance log:
- pump date
- tank size and last filter/inspection
- household changes (more occupants, new appliances)
- any past backups or odors
- If your system has an effluent filter, have it inspected and cleaned per the installer's recommendation and SC DHEC guidelines.
Daily and seasonal best practices
- Water use: run full loads, use high-efficiency toilets and fixtures, and stagger laundry and dishwasher use to avoid peak loads.
- Grease and solids: never pour fats, oils, or large food scraps down drains. Use a trash can for solids and dispose of them properly.
- Landscaping: keep heavy equipment off the drain field and avoid compacting soil over the absorption area. Plant only shallow-rooted vegetation away from the field to prevent root intrusion.
- Disposals: minimize use of garbage disposals; they increase solids reaching the tank and shorten time between pumpings.
Signs of trouble (and what to do)
- Odors, gurgling sounds in drains, or sewage backing into fixtures.
- Damp or lush green spots over the drain field, or surface water near any drainage area.
- Slow drains or backups in more than one fixture.
- If you notice any of these, limit water use and contact a licensed septic professional promptly. In Williston, local contractors with SC licenses can be found via the SC DHEC directory or your county extension office.
Field care and drainage considerations for Williston homes
- Soil and field health: avoid driving or parking on the drainage field; compaction reduces absorption and increases failure risk.
- Seasonal drainage: after heavy rains or floods, ensure the drain field has time to dry before reusing heavily until a pro confirms it's functioning properly.
- Root management: keep trees or large shrubs several feet away from the absorption area to prevent root intrusion and blockage.
Troubleshooting steps you can take before a pro visit
- Check for unusual sewage odors indoors; reduce water use and avoid flushing non-biodegradables.
- Inspect for wet, soggy spots or strong odors in the yard near the septic area.
- Confirm access lids and drainage field areas are clear of debris or heavy equipment.
- Review pumping history and confirm it's within your tank's recommended interval.
When to call a licensed septic professional
- Backups across multiple fixtures, persistent odors, or obvious drain-field distress.
- After significant rainfall or flooding that may have impacted the field.
- If you're unsure about tank size, pump interval, or component integrity (pump, distribution box, or effluent screen).
- For initial installation or major repairs, rely on a licensed contractor who follows SC DHEC requirements. See SC DHEC for On-site Sewage Disposal Systems:
- Local county extension or government pages for Williston-specific regulations and contractor referrals.
Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Williston
Septic Tank Pumping
- What it includes: removing the settled sludge and floating scum from the tank, inspecting accessible components (lid, risers, baffles), and confirming there are no obvious leaks or damage. In Williston, clay soils and seasonal rainfall can impact when pumping is most needed.
- Williston specifics: with clay-heavy soils and higher water tables, keeping sludge under control helps prevent backup and protects leach fields during wet months.
- Typical cost: $250–$550 per pumping visit. Additional disposal or travel charges may apply.
- Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/septic
Septic System Inspection
- What it includes: visual inspection of tanks, lids, pumps, and alarms; checking for signs of failure (gurgling, backups, odors); basic functionality test; may include dye test or camera inspection if requested.
- Williston specifics: real estate transactions commonly require a septic inspection to assess risk before closing; older Williston homes may need more thorough evaluation.
- Typical cost: $200–$500 for a standard inspection; $500–$900 for enhanced inspections (camera, dye testing, detailed report).
- Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/septic
Real Estate / Pre-Purchase Septic Inspection
- What it includes: targeted evaluation intended for buyers, often including dye tests and a review of past pumping records; helps estimate remaining system life and repair needs.
- Williston specifics: buying in Williston may involve older systems or limited access; a thorough report can save surprises after move-in.
- Typical cost: $300–$700 depending on scope and whether camera work is included.
- Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/septic
Drain Field Evaluation and Repair
- What it includes: assessment of the leach/drain field performance (soil absorption, channeling, moisture conditions); may involve non-destructive testing, camera or probe work; repairs can range from trench rerouting to soil amendment.
- Williston specifics: clay soils and high groundwater can shorten field life and complicate repairs, sometimes necessitating more extensive remediation.
- Typical cost: evaluation $300–$800; minor repairs $1,500–$5,000; more extensive fixes up to $7,000–$12,000.
- Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/septic
Drain Field Replacement / Leach Field
- What it includes: complete replacement of failed drain field or installation of an alternative system (e.g., mound or enhanced treatment) when field is not salvageable.
- Williston specifics: in clay-rich Williston soils, mound systems or enhanced treatment fields are more common options; costs reflect soil testing and site prep.
- Typical cost: $5,000–$20,000 for standard repairs; $15,000–$40,000+ for a full replacement with advanced designed systems.
- Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/septic
Septic System Installation (New System)
- What it includes: design, permitting, trenching or mound installation, tank placement, and initial startup; may involve soil testing and percolation testing.
- Williston specifics: local soil conditions often dictate system type (conventional, mound, orETU options); permits with state and county are required.
- Typical cost: $6,000–$25,000 for conventional systems; mound or advanced systems can range $15,000–$40,000+.
- Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/septic
Tank Baffle Repair / Tank Maintenance
- What it includes: repair or replacement of internal tank baffles, seal checks, and lid integrity; ensures effluent follows proper flow paths.
- Williston specifics: aging tanks in Williston may require occasional baffle work to prevent solids from escaping into the drain field.
- Typical cost: $200–$1,500 depending on extent and access.
Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) Maintenance and Repair
- What it includes: pump and aerator servicing, filter clean or replacement, control panel checks; may require professional calibration.
- Williston specifics: ATUs are more common in areas with limited traditional drain fields or stricter setbacks; regular maintenance is crucial to avoid costly replacement.
- Typical cost: $150–$300 per maintenance visit; replacements $2,000–$4,000.
Emergency Septic Service and Backups
- What it includes: 24/7 response for backups, clogs, or sudden failures; may involve urgent pumping, line cleaning, or temporary solutions.
- Williston specifics: weather and access can affect response times; a quick diagnostic helps prevent total system loss.
- Typical cost: $150–$350 service call plus pumping or repair costs as needed.
Sewer Connection (Public Sewer Availability)
- What it includes: assessment of feasibility, digging, trenching, and connection to municipal sewer if available nearby.
- Williston specifics: Williston-area availability varies; distance to sewer lines drives total project cost.
- Typical cost: $8,000–$25,000+ depending on distance and required infrastructure.
Permitting and Inspection Fees
- What it includes: local and state permits for new installations or major repairs; required inspections during and after work.
- Williston specifics: SC state and county requirements apply; costs vary by project size and location.
- Typical cost: $300–$2,000+ depending on scope.
Note: Costs are regional ranges and can vary by tank size, system type, accessibility, and contractor. Always obtain written estimates and confirm included items (pumping, disposal fees, permits) before work begins. For official guidance on septic systems in South Carolina, consult EPA resources and state health guidelines.