Septic in Mounds, OK

Last updated: Apr 26, 2026

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Mounds

Map of septic coverage in Mounds, OK

Mounds clay soils and wet-season saturation

Understanding the local soil and water dynamics

Properties in this area sit on clayey to silty clay loam soils with slow to moderate drainage rather than fast-draining sandy profiles. That means water moves through slowly, and during wet periods, shallow groundwater rises can create perched moisture. When you factor in seasonal pulses, these conditions consistently challenge the vertical separation needed for a reliable drain field. In practical terms, every yard becomes a moisture map: parts of the bedrock-like clay may hold water longer, while other pockets dry faster. This uneven moisture distribution makes a one-size-fits-all drain field layout risky and can push you toward designs that elevate or mound the dispersal zone.

Wet-season saturation and its impact on drain-field performance

Seasonal rises in the local water table and perched moisture create wet patches that can reduce usable vertical separation for drain fields. In Mounds, those wet patches are not a rare event-they're a recurring factor that affects how you plan, size, and maintain a system. When perched water sits near the surface, it blocks air and slows percolation, leading to slower effluent treatment and higher risk of surface infiltration or sewer odors. If your property has low-lying areas or a shallow seasonal water table, the drain field components will be forced to work in a tighter vertical window, increasing the likelihood of roots entering the dispersal zone or migrating wastewater near the surface.

When to consider elevated designs

Heavy winter and spring moisture in Mounds can slow percolation enough that marginal lots are more likely to need mound or elevated mound layouts. If you've observed standing water on your lawn after rains, or you notice damp, squishy soils in the lowest spots across several months, elevated systems protect the dispersion field from saturated soils. A raised bed helps keep effluent aerobic and moving, rather than sitting in a waterlogged layer that stalls treatment. Consider evaluating the entire drainage profile of your yard-slope, low spots, driveway infiltrations, and tree roots-because even modest grading adjustments can improve where the soil drains and how well an elevated system will perform.

Proactive steps to protect drain-field performance

Address high-risk areas by managing surface runoff with proper grading and swales that direct water away from the leach zone. In clay-heavy soils, you must anticipate slower drainage by reserving extra space for a larger or raised separations and avoiding compacted zones near the proposed drain field. Do not rely on a single trench or a shallow bed in these soils; plan for redundancy and reserve capacity to handle seasonal water-table peaks. Regularly inspect for pooling in the yard during wet seasons and address compaction around the drain-field footprint, because compaction compounds the moisture and reduces pore space for percolation. If your lot already has a history of wet patches or shallow groundwater, coordinate with a septic professional to model percolation rates across different yard zones and to confirm that the chosen design can tolerate recurring saturation.

Recognizing warning signs and acting quickly

Watch for slow drains, frequent backups, surface odors, or damp patches near the drain field after rain events or thaw cycles. These are indicators that the soil isn't effectively dispersing effluent during saturated periods. When such signs appear, do not delay evaluation-seasonal saturation is a recurring pattern in this area, and delayed action increases the risk of untreated effluent reaching the surface or backing up into the home. Engage a qualified installer who understands clay-rich soils and can propose a tailored solution, including elevated or mound layouts, that can withstand the annual moisture regimes.

Best septic systems for Mounds lots

Overview of soil and drainage challenges

Clay-heavy soils and seasonal groundwater rise shape every septic decision in this area. Standard trenches struggle when soils stay slow-draining or become saturated part of the year, so the selection leans toward designs that keep effluent above the seasonal wetness and use a larger or raised dispersal area. The common system mix in Mounds includes conventional, gravity, chamber, mound, and elevated mound systems, reflecting how often standard trenches are limited by soil conditions. A practical approach starts with evaluating how often the ground reaches saturation and how quickly the soil drains after a rain or thaw.

Conventional and gravity systems on clay

On lots where the original soil profile allows, conventional and gravity systems can work, but the beds need careful planning to avoid shallow saturated periods. In clay settings, a traditional trench layout may require deeper design or supplemental drainage considerations. If a gravity-fed layout is pursued, ensure the field can slope consistently to promote downward flow and minimize perched water. The objective is to maintain unsaturated soil around the lateral lines for as long as possible after irrigation or rainfall, reducing the risk of slow effluent movement and short-term clogging.

Chamber systems as a field-adjustment option

Chamber systems appear in the local mix as an alternative field design where trench performance and footprint need careful adjustment to local soil limits. Chambers expand the working footprint without widening trench widths, which helps when the native clay restricts vertical drainage. For Mounds lots, chamber layouts should be sized to keep the dispersal area above the seasonally high water table while maintaining even distribution across the field. Pay attention to chamber spacing, cover requirements, and the potential need for a protective fill that promotes drainage without compressing the soil structure.

Mound and elevated mound systems for seasonal saturation

Mound and elevated mound systems are common responses when raised dispersal becomes necessary. A mound system lifts the treatment area above the shallow, saturated profile, providing a more reliable path for effluent during wet seasons. Elevated mound designs push the discharge higher still, offering maximum separation from perched groundwater. These options are particularly relevant for lots with shallow seasonal wetness or slow-draining clay that cannot support a typical in-ground field. The decision hinges on how consistently the site experiences saturation and how much elevation is feasible given the lot's slope and setback constraints.

Field layout and long-term performance

In every scenario, plan for a field layout that accommodates water-table fluctuations and keeps the drain field away from areas prone to surface pooling. For clay soils, progressive loading tests and cautious walkability assessments help confirm that the chosen system will maintain adequate unsaturated zones through the majority of the year. Consider micro-siting the field to avoid tree roots, driveways, or other structures that could introduce shading or interception of inflow. Regular maintenance remains essential: scheduling pump-outs before seasonal high-use periods and inspecting the dispersal area after wet spells helps sustain performance in the long term.

Selecting the right system for your lot

Choosing between conventional, gravity, chamber, mound, or elevated mound comes down to soil behavior, lot geometry, and the level of seasonal saturation typical for the site. If standard trenches risk rapid saturation, prioritize a raised or elevated dispersion strategy and pair it with a chamber design when footprint constraints demand a precise, soil-friendly layout. A thoughtful mix that aligns with the local soil climate will yield the most reliable performance over time.

Aerobic Systems

These companies have experience with aerobic systems reviews well by their customers.

Best reviewed septic service providers in Mounds

  • Roto-Rooter Plumbing - Tulsa

    Roto-Rooter Plumbing - Tulsa

    (918) 347-1152 www.rotorooterok.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.9 from 4945 reviews

    Roto-Rooter is Tulsa's trusted source for plumbing repair and drain cleaning. We offer 24/7 emergency plumbing service in Tulsa for homeowners and businesses, including nights, weekends, and holidays. Our licensed and insured plumbers specialize in clogged drains, toilet repair, burst pipes, water heater repair, kitchen plumbing, and bathroom plumbing. With an A+ BBB rating for 47 years and serving Tulsa since 1972, we're known for professional, fast service and are committed to being cost-effective – often costing 90% less than our competitors. Call us for all your Tulsa plumbing needs!

  • Wooten Plumbing

    Wooten Plumbing

    (918) 241-3900 www.wootenplumbing.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.7 from 1140 reviews

    Wooten Plumbing has been serving the Tulsa, OK area since 2010 with a comprehensive range of plumbing services for residential and commercial properties.

  • Wooten Knockout Plumbing

    Wooten Knockout Plumbing

    (918) 367-8887 www.wootenknockoutplumbing.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.8 from 300 reviews

    With over two decades of experience, Wooten Knockout Plumbing delivers expert plumbing and septic system solutions to the Tulsa community. Whether it’s a residential leak or a large-scale commercial project, their skilled team is equipped to handle all your plumbing needs with precision and professionalism. From routine maintenance to complex installations, they are dedicated to ensuring your systems run smoothly. Trust Wooten Knockout Plumbing to provide reliable and top-quality service every time.

  • Green Country Plumbing

    Green Country Plumbing

    (918) 241-3605 www.greencountryplumbing.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.9 from 263 reviews

    Sand Springs, OK plumbers serving the Tulsa metro area. Green Country Plumbing specializes in drain cleaning, water heater installation and repair, sewer line services, leak detection, and emergency plumbing. Licensed, insured, and experienced in residential and commercial work. With locations in Sand Springs and Tulsa, we keep response times fast and service local. When a plumbing problem can't wait, we're the team that shows up.

  • Allied Plumbing Service

    Allied Plumbing Service

    (918) 744-1000 www.alliedplumbingservice.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.6 from 239 reviews

    For over 75 years, Allied Plumbing has provided quality plumbing services at and affordable price in and around Tulsa, OK. You'll always get an upfront price guarantee on all plumbing work. No hidden fees, no hourly rate, and no surprises. We service everything from hot water tank replacements, slab leaks, drain line clean outs and repair, and home modifications for aging in place.

  • Raby Plumbing

    Raby Plumbing

    (918) 200-9906 www.rabyplumbing.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.5 from 178 reviews

    Serving home and business customers in the Tulsa and Sapulpa areas. Our plumbers are highly trained and certified to meet your needs. Licensed and insured. Our services include: Residential and commercial plumbing, water heater repair and replacement, drain cleaning and clog repairs, faucet repairs, toilet and sewer repairs, sump pump installation, fixture installation, grease trap cleaning, pipe repair and more. We provide emergency plumbing service.

  • ClearFlow Septic

    ClearFlow Septic

    (918) 701-9504 callclearflow.com

    Serving Creek County

    5.0 from 151 reviews

    ClearFlow Septic, located at 16855 South Memorial Dr, is your top choice for comprehensive septic system services throughout Tulsa, Bixby, Glenpool, and surrounding areas. We specialize in septic tank services, including expert septic tank pumping, installation, repair, and inspection. Our offerings extend to aerobic septic system services and detailed sewer line services, ensuring optimal system efficiency. Whether you're searching for "septic tank pumping near me" or "septic system installation near me," our team provides tailored solutions for both residential and commercial clients. Trust ClearFlow Septic for reliable service and transparent pricing.

  • Karney Plumbing

    Karney Plumbing

    (918) 910-9977 www.karneyplumbing.com

    Serving Creek County

    5.0 from 106 reviews

    Since 2025, Karney Plumbing has been the go-to expert for Tulsa, Broken Arrow, Bixby, Claremore, Owasso and New Tulsa areas, delivering reliable plumbing solutions with a neighborly touch. As a family-owned and operated business, we understand the importance of fast, dependable service and transparent pricing for both homes and businesses. From simple fixes like leaky faucets and clogged drains, to complex projects including water heater replacements, comprehensive re-piping, and full plumbing remodels, Karney Plumbing is equipped to handle it all. Trust us to get the job done right, the first time.

  • Southern Septics

    Southern Septics

    (918) 228-5672 southernsepticsok.com

    Serving Creek County

    4.8 from 33 reviews

    On Call Septic & Plumbing is a Tulsa septic & plumbing company that specializes in solving every problem you face with your home plumbing or septic system. Not only do we solve the problem, but we do it while exceeding your expectations. On Call Plumbing was created to offer our friends and neighbors in Tulsa and surrounding areas with a better plumbing experience. What Makes Us Different? ----Veteran Owned ----Totally Tulsan (Not owned by large corp) ----One Call Scheduling ----Technology Drive (No Paper!) ----Upfront Pricing ----GPS Appointment Tracking ----Honesty in All Things ----Insured, Bonded, Above Board If you are looking for a Tulsa plumber you can trust to get the job done well and for a fair price, give us a call today!

  • T&V Backhoe & Septic Services

    T&V Backhoe & Septic Services

    (918) 855-7465 tvbackhoe.com

    Serving Creek County

    5.0 from 31 reviews

    Since 1997, T&V Backhoe & Septic Services has provided expert septic and aerobic services. You can trust our skilled team to meet all your needs, including pumping, cleaning, repair, and installation. We use top-of-the-line equipment to ensure your system is operating efficiently and effectively.

  • Coppedge Septic

    Coppedge Septic

    (918) 215-8177 tulsa.coppedgeseptic.com

    Serving Creek County

    5.0 from 18 reviews

    Coppedge Septic is a locally owned and operated Septic Service. We offer septic fracking, septic drainage, we Pump out clean and repair septic systems of all types. We are very familiar with Aerobic septic systems and offer maintenance and Installation of those systems in Tulsa. Our septic pumping service is A+ rated by the BBB and we have been in business serving Tulsa for over 50 years. We only use local septic technicians. #fixseptictulsa #septicpumpouttulsa #septiccleantulsa #tulsasepticservice Our goal is to provide our clients with consultation, professional service, and expert advice from start to finish. With a highly trained staff and state-of-the-art equipment, we are well equipped to accommodate all of your septic needs.

  • Coppedge Septic Broken Arrow

    Coppedge Septic Broken Arrow

    (918) 215-8182 brokenarrow.coppedgeseptic.com

    Serving Creek County

    5.0 from 17 reviews

    Coppedge Septic is a locally owned and operated Septic Service. We offer septic fracking, septic drainage, we Pump out clean and repair septic systems of all types. We are very familiar with Aerobic septic systems and offer maintenance and Installation of those systems in Broken Arrow. Our septic pumping service is A+ rated by the BBB and we have been in business serving Broken Arrow for over 50 years. We only use local septic technicians. #fixsepticbrokenarrow #septicpumpoutbrokenarrow #septiccleanbrokenarrow #brokenarrowsepticservice

Mounds septic costs by soil and system

Concrete cost ranges you'll typically see

In Mounds, a homeowner evaluating a septic upgrade or replacement will notice a clear spread depending on soil conditions and system type. Typical installation ranges run about $7,000-$14,000 for conventional, $8,000-$15,000 for gravity, $8,500-$16,000 for chamber, $14,000-$28,000 for mound, and $20,000-$35,000 for elevated mound systems. These figures reflect the local reality where clay-rich soils and seasonal saturation push projects toward larger or raised dispersal designs. When you compare bids, it helps to verify whether the price includes proper field grading, rock removal, and soil amendments that improve infiltration in heavy clay. In practice, the most economical path can still require a raised option if field performance is uncertain after soil tests.

How soil and seasonal saturation influence cost and layout

Clay-heavy soils in this region drain slowly, and seasonal groundwater rise tends to push the design away from a simple drain field. Contractors often propose larger drain fields, deeper trenches, or elevated dispersal to maintain performance during wet months. A basic conventional install becomes more expensive when field area must be expanded or when a raised solution is necessary to prevent perched water in the trench. The result is a higher upfront cost, but it preserves long-term system reliability. Expect the need for more robust backfill, grouting, and potentially longer measure lines to route effluent to a suitably elevated or larger area of soil that can handle intermittent saturation.

Planning around wet-season timing

Timing work outside the wettest periods helps avoid installation complications caused by saturated field areas. In practice, scheduling a project to begin after the spring rains or before the late-summer wet cycle reduces the risk of soil compaction or delayed inspections. This consideration is especially pertinent for mound or elevated mound designs, which require careful soil placement and compaction under more stringent moisture conditions. When planning, request a site window that aims for the driest part of the year to keep the trench work dry and the backfill stable. Early coordination with the excavation crew and the septic designer can secure a favorable work pace and minimize weather-related delays.

Sizing and choosing the right dispersal strategy

With clay soils and seasonal groundwater rises, a conventional install may not suffice for long-term performance. Mounds and elevated mounds become reasonable options when a standard drain field is impractical due to limited unsaturated soil depth or persistent saturation. A mound system provides an engineered solution that isolates the dosing area from the groundwater, while an elevated mound raises the dispersal surface above the wet season. Chamber systems sometimes strike a middle ground, offering modularity and easier excavation compared to full trenches, but they may still require a larger footprint than a gravity setup in clay. Decisions hinge on soil evaluation, percolation tests, and anticipated wastewater loading. The right choice balances upfront cost with projected performance over decades.

Practical budgeting and cost considerations

When budgeting, prepare for the high end of the range if a raised or elevated dispersal is indicated by soil tests. In practice, you should plan for the most robust option that meets performance needs, because repeated failures or upgrades in clay conditions tend to be more costly over time. Expect that larger systems or raised layouts will drive up excavation, grading, and material costs, but they also reduce likelihood of early field failure. If a project presents both conventional and raised-path options, a cost comparison should include anticipated maintenance intervals, potential need for pump replacements, and the impact of seasonal saturation on wastewater handling during heavy rainfall. The substantial difference in upfront investment often correlates with longer-term reliability in Mounds' challenging soils.

Creek County permits for Mounds systems

Permitting authority and where to apply

New septic permits for Mounds are handled by the Creek County Health Department rather than a separate city septic office. Start the process by contacting the county health department to confirm the correct permit type for your project and to obtain the current application forms. The intake staff can guide you to the right plan review queue based on soil conditions and the proposed system design. Because soil and groundwater conditions drive system choices here, timing can hinge on how quickly surveyors and soil specialists can validate site suitability.

Plan submittals you'll typically need

Plan submittals for Mounds projects typically include a soil analysis and percolation review before approval. A certified soils analyst or a licensed design professional should prepare these documents, focusing on the clay-heavy soils that characterize the area and the seasonal groundwater rise that affects dispersal. Expect the plan to show a suitable setback from wells, property lines, and any nearby waterways, as well as a proposed dispersal method tailored to saturated periods. The county review will look closely at setbacks, dosed area sizing, and any required drainage management measures. Detailed site plans should illustrate the grading approach, depth to restrictive layers, and how the system will perform during wet seasons. If plans call for a raised or mound dispersal design, ensure elevations and fill materials are documented to meet county specifications.

Inspections during construction

Installation inspections occur during construction and are a critical part of the approval process. A Creek County inspector will visit the site to verify trenching, pipe installation, soil media placement, and the integrity of the absorption area against seasonal saturation. Because the soils in this area can hold water, inspectors will pay particular attention to proper sealing, fill material compaction, and the correct elevation of the drain field or mound component relative to the high-water table. Schedule these inspections in coordination with the contractor so that any required corrections can be addressed promptly. Red flags often involve improper trench widths, insufficient backfill compaction, or deviations from the approved plan that could compromise performance during wet-season groundwater rise.

Final inspection and into-service

A final inspection is required before the system can be placed into service. The final visit confirms that all components are installed per approved plans, that the soil treatment area is functional, and that all necessary inspections are complete. Once the county signs off, the system can be put into service. Note that a septic inspection at the time of property sale is not generally required here, so plan accordingly if you intend to transfer ownership soon after installation.

Maintaining compliance after installation

Keep copies of all plans, soil reports, and inspection records on-site or in your property records. If seasonal saturation patterns change in coming years, you'll want to reference these documents when discussing performance with the county or a professional designer. For any proposed changes to the system after installation, obtain county approval before making modifications to ensure continued compliance with Creek County requirements.

Maintenance timing in Mounds weather

Seasonal performance expectations

A standard 3-bedroom home in Mounds is typically guided toward pumping every 2-3 years, with a general recommendation of about every 3 years. That cadence aligns with how clay-heavy soils in the area slow down drainage and how seasonal groundwater rises can push the system toward saturation earlier than homeowners expect. In practice, keeping that three-year target in view helps prevent sludge buildup from derailing the drain field during wet periods. When time since the last pump gets close to the upper end of the window, plan ahead for a check and, if needed, a pump to avoid compromising field performance.

Wet winter and spring: plan ahead

Wet winter and spring conditions in Mounds can leave drain fields slower to accept effluent. Slower acceptance means new wastewater spends longer in the tank and distribution lines, translating to higher sludge and scum levels entering the soil treatment area. To stay ahead, schedule a proactive inspection and consider pumping if the sludge layer approaches a third of the tank height before the saturated season begins. A practical action is to have the system checked in late fall or early winter, so any necessary pump-out lands before the wettest months. During this period, avoid heavy irrigation, washing large amounts of laundry, or running multiple loads of dishes during storms, which can compound field loading.

Dry summer: watch for swings

Dry summer periods can change soil moisture and microbial activity in local fields, so homeowners often need to watch for performance swings across seasons rather than assuming year-round consistency. Soil beneath a drain field can dry out, reducing microbial efficiency and slowing treatment, or conversely become perched with moisture after a late storm, temporarily stressing the system. Monitor for slow drains, gurgling toilets, or wet spots on the leach field after heat spells followed by rain. If performance shifts are observed, a seasonal adjustment-such as more frequent pumping or targeted inspections-may be warranted to prevent long-term damage.

Practical monitoring routine

On a practical schedule, note the last pump date and set reminders for a mid-range check every 18 months, then plan a full pump near the 3-year mark. After heavy rain events or prolonged wet spells, consider an earlier inspection to confirm the field is accepting effluent properly. When scheduling service, ask for a cameral or exploratory evaluation of the drain field, especially after seasons that stress the system, to catch compaction or bio-mat buildup before it progresses. A proactive approach keeps the system resilient through Mounds' clay soils and seasonal shifts.

Common septic failures around Mounds

Drain-field stress in clay soils

In this area, long-term drain-field stress is a recurring pattern. The clay-rich, slow-draining soils keep moisture lingering after seasonal rains, which makes dispersal beds work harder and longer to dry out. Over time, that persistent dampness reduces soil's ability to accept effluent, raising the risk of surface seepage, backups, and unpleasant odors. Homeowners should recognize that the ground's natural tendency to stay wet can quietly erode system performance year after year when fields are not matched to the soil's drainage pace.

Seasonal saturation and rainfall after installation

A particular risk emerges when heavy rains arrive soon after installation or after a field is rebuilt. Newly built field areas can saturate quickly before the soils stabilize, especially when clay is involved. In Mounds, seasonal wet-season groundwater rises can push otherwise marginal areas over the edge, forcing operators to compensate with larger or raised dispersal designs. If a field floods even briefly, the biological treatment zone can be overwhelmed, delaying drainage and accelerating clogging of the pores that accept effluent.

Pumped and advanced systems issues

Because pumped and advanced systems are actively serviced here, repair issues tied to effluent pumps and controls are a real concern on sites that cannot rely on gravity alone. Failures or misadjustments in pumps, alarms, or automatic valves can create intermittent discharge problems or complete function loss. When a control don't behaves as expected, effluent can back up into the home or surface near the drain field, increasing the risk of erosion, yard saturation, or foul odors.

Practical danger signs to watch

Early warning signs include consistently wet patches over the leach field, greener or taller grass over specific bed areas, and slow drainage in indoor fixtures. If a drain field shows standing water after rainfall, it deserves careful inspection rather than temporary adjustments. In Mounds, addressing these symptoms promptly can prevent deeper damage to soil structure and costly repairs down the line.

Actionable steps for resilience

To reduce risk, focus on maintaining a well-functioning surface and subsurface environment. Limit heavy application of irrigation near the field and avoid compacting soils with vehicles during wet periods. Consider protective setbacks for future plantings and ensure surface locations have adequate grading to direct runoff away from the bed. Regular pumping and service intervals tailored to the site's soil behavior help keep the system in balance and reduce long-term stress. In this climate, proactive monitoring is as crucial as routine maintenance.

Pump Repair

You can trust these septic service providers with great reviews performing pump repairs.

Choosing septic help in Mounds

What makes a local provider a good fit

In this market, pumping services are in high demand, and the best crews keep a steady supply of routine tank work available. When you call, you should hear a clear explanation of what's going on with your system, not just a list of symptoms. A good technician lays out the likely causes in clay-heavy soils, explains how seasonal groundwater rises can slow drainage, and maps a practical plan that fits your property's slope and dispersal design. You want a team that answers quickly and treats affordability as a real consideration, not an afterthought. In practice, that means a responsive office, a technician who arrives on time, and pricing that stays transparent from the first call.

How to choose with drain-field performance in mind

Your top questions center on reliability and results. Ask how they diagnose slow drains on clay soils and how they prioritize pumps, inspections, and field work during wet periods. Note whether the crew emphasizes drain-field health, whether they can coordinate with a broader service package (tank, pump, and field checks), and whether they tailor recommendations to the site. Homeowners here favor explanations that connect the problem to soil conditions and groundwater patterns, followed by clear steps for maintenance or replacement that prevent repeat failures. Look for technicians who can translate inspection findings into actionable, site-specific actions such as rodding, baffles check, or a plan for a raised or mound dispersal solution if the ground remains saturated.

Emergency readiness and seasonal saturation

Emergency response is a meaningful part of the local market, especially when wet weather triggers backups. Prioritize providers who section off urgent visits, communicate arrival windows, and deliver practical, temporary solutions while scheduling a longer-term fix. If a problem recurs with seasonal saturation, you'll benefit from a team that revisits your system's layout and soil interaction, offering options that stay effective through the wettest periods-without leaving you guessing about the next storm. In short, choose a service that blends rapid response, clear problem-solving, and steady availability, tailored to clay-rich soils and Oklahoma's wet seasons.

Riser Installation

Need someone for a riser installation? Reviewers noted these companies' experience.