Septic in Lawton, OK

In Lawton, you'll often see a home tucked behind a lush yard, with a neatly kept tank lid or a quiet drain field promising dependable wastewater treatment—all without a visible street connection. Here in this part of Oklahoma, septic systems are a familiar and practical part of home ownership, especially outside the city sewer network.

Is septic common in Lawton? Yes. Septic systems remain a common solution for many Lawton-area homes, particularly in older neighborhoods and rural corners where extending a sewer main isn't practical or affordable. If you're buying or renting in Lawton, it's reasonable to expect a septic system for a large portion of homes, especially those on larger lots or outside traditional municipal lines.

Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home? Yes—if the property isn't connected to city sewer. When you're considering a Lawton home, you'll want to verify:

• Whether the home is on city sewer or septic, and look for any recent pumping or maintenance records.
• The location of the septic tank and drain field, and when it was last inspected.
• Any disclosures from the seller about septic issues or repairs.
• Plans to connect to sewer if/when the city expands service, and what that would entail.

Helpful steps include asking the seller for a septic permit history, hiring a licensed septic inspector, and having a professional evaluate the system's condition before closing.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Lawton

• Distance from main sewer lines: Many Lawton neighborhoods and outlying properties sit far enough from municipal mains that septic is the most economical option.
• Lot size and layout: Larger lots, ranch or rural-style setups, and properties with flexible yard space benefit from on-site treatment.
• Cost and feasibility: Extending sewer service to every home can be costly and slow; septic provides a practical, independent solution.
• Local practice and regulations: In many parts of the area, homeowners manage their own wastewater on-site with systems that meet local health and environmental guidelines.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

A septic system works by treating wastewater on the property: the tank separates solids from liquids, bacteria do the heavy lifting inside the tank, and the treated effluent is gradually dispersed in a drain field. It's a low-visibility, reliable, cost-conscious way to handle household wastewater when city sewer isn't an option. A well-maintained system protects your yard, your home's value, and the local environment.

If you're navigating Lawton real estate or planning maintenance, you've got a neighborly, professional resource right here to help you make informed decisions.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Lawton

Lawton's mix of urban neighborhoods and rural surroundings means septic systems are common in several parts of the area. The main driver is whether a property is within the city's centralized sewer service or outside it. Here's where septic is typically found and why.

Rural and fringe areas outside the sewer service boundary

• Properties outside the City of Lawton's main sewer lines rely on on-site systems, especially in sparsely developed rural pockets.
• Large-lot parcels, farms, and ranch properties often use septic because extending sewer service isn't cost-effective.
• In these zones, you'll see traditional gravity or alternative septic designs that are sized for fewer occupants or for agricultural use.

Older neighborhoods and areas developed before sewer expansion

• Neighborhoods built before long-term sewer planning reached them frequently relied on septic or package wastewater plants.
• As sewer lines expanded outward, some sites were connected, but others remained on-site due to geography or cost.
• If your home predates modern sewer infrastructure, septic is a common and practical option.

Farms, ranches, and properties with large lots

• Agricultural properties typically use septic because centralized wastewater lines are not practical over large distances.
• Septic systems on farms are sized to handle seasonal fluctuations and larger irrigation or livestock-related wastewater loads.

Terrain, soils, and zoning constraints

• Hills, floodplains, or poorly draining soils can complicate sewer access, making septic a sensible alternative.
• Zoning and land-use rules may influence whether a property is more likely to rely on septic, especially in peri-urban zones undergoing redevelopment.

How soil and site conditions influence septic use

• Soils with good absorption and sufficient depth support typical septic systems.
• Areas with shallow groundwater or restrictive layers may require engineered designs or alternative onsite wastewater solutions.
• Local/regional guidelines and DEQ standards shape what's permissible for on-site systems.

How to verify if septic is used on your property

1. Check your property's sewer status with the City of Lawton Public Works or the official sewer service map to see if you're connected to city lines.
2. Look up your parcel or subdivision records for notes on septic or on-site wastewater systems.
3. Contact the Oklahoma DEQ Onsite Wastewater Program to understand approved system types and maintenance requirements.
4. If buying a home or planning updates, hire a licensed septic contractor or inspector to assess system condition and compliance.

Resources to consult

• City of Lawton – Public Works: official information on sewer service boundaries and connections (site: lawtonok.gov).
• Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) – Onsite Wastewater Program: guidance on system types, compliance, and maintenance (https://www.deq.ok.gov/water-quality/onsite-wastewater/).
• Oklahoma State University Extension – Onsite wastewater guidance and homeowner best practices (https://extension.okstate.edu/).

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Lawton Should Know

How septic systems work

A septic system treats wastewater on your property. Wastewater flows from the house into a septic tank where solids settle, bacteria break down matter, and clarified liquid drains into a soil absorption area (drain field). Proper design, soil suitability, and routine maintenance are essential for long-term performance.

How municipal sewer works

With a sewer connection, your home outlets wastewater into a centralized municipal system. The city or county operates the collection network and a wastewater treatment plant handles treatment and discharge. You'll typically receive a regular sewer bill, and service depends on the city's infrastructure and maintenance schedules.

Is your Lawton home on septic or sewer?

• Check with the City of Lawton Utilities or your property records to confirm service type.
• Look for a cleanout or manhole outside the dwelling; absence of a public line can indicate a septic system, but verification is best with the utility or a licensed plumber.
• If you're buying or selling, ask for a letter confirming current sewer or septic status and any known issues.

Pros and cons for Lawton homeowners

• Septic on-site systems
  • Pros: independence from city infrastructure, potential cost savings if you stay long-term in a rural lot.
  • Cons: responsible for design, installation, pumping, and field care; failure can cause backups and costly repairs; soil and groundwater considerations matter.
• Municipal sewer connection
  • Pros: centralized maintenance, no on-site drain field to worry about; predictable monthly bills.
  • Cons: ongoing sewer charges; outages or line issues can affect multiple homes; capacity or rate changes can impact costs.

Maintenance essentials for septic systems

• Pump every 3–5 years (frequency depends on usage, tank size, and local recommendations).
• Use water-efficient fixtures and spread out high-water activities to avoid overloading the tank.
• Only flush human waste and toilet paper; avoid flushing wipes, grease, solvents, paints, pesticides, or medications.
• Protect the drain field: avoid parking, heavy equipment, or compacting soil near the area; plant only shallow-rooted vegetation.
• Schedule periodic inspections if you notice slow drains, gurgling sounds, soggy areas, or foul odors around the system.

Costs and long-term planning

• Septic systems: initial installation or replacement can be a major investment, influenced by tank size, soil conditions, and permit requirements. Ongoing costs include regular pumping, inspections, and maintenance.
• Sewer connection: upfront connection fees or impact fees may apply, followed by ongoing monthly sewer charges based on usage and local rates. Budget for potential rate increases over time.

Quick decision steps for Lawton homeowners

1. Confirm your current service type with City of Lawton Utilities or your property records.
2. If on septic, obtain a maintenance plan and ensure tank pumping intervals are up to date.
3. If on sewer, review your bill, any connection fees, and the reliability of the municipal system in your area.
4. If you're considering a switch or have a failing system, contact a licensed local septic contractor or the city utility to explore options and requirements.

Official resources

• EPA: Septic systems (Onsite Wastewater Treatment) -

Typical Septic System Types in Lawton

Conventional gravity septic systems

A standard setup with a septic tank and a drain field that relies on gravity to move effluent into buried perforated pipes. Lawton-area soils can be variable, so soil conditions determine suitability.

• How it works: wastewater flows from the house to a 1- or 2-compartment septic tank, then effluent is distributed to a buried leach field.
• Best for: soils with decent percolation and adequate depth to groundwater.
• Pros: simple design, generally lower up-front cost, easy maintenance.
• Cons: clay or compacted soils, a high water table, or very shallow bedrock can limit effectiveness.

Chamber or gravelless leach field systems

These systems substitute plastic drainage chambers for traditional gravel trenches, expanding infiltrative area without heavy gravel fill.

• How it works: perforated pipes sit in modular chambers that create a larger surface area for absorption.
• Pros: lighter weight, faster installation, often easier to repair.
• Cons: still requires suitable soil and proper grading; may be more expensive than conventional trenches.

Mound systems (raised sand mound)

Used when native soil is poor for leaching or the groundwater is close to the surface. The system is built up with sand fill and a final turf cover.

• When to consider: high water table, shallow soils, or dense clay.
• Pros: effective in challenging soils, longer life if properly installed.
• Cons: higher initial cost, requires precise installation and ongoing maintenance.

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs)

ATUs treat wastewater with forced aeration, producing much cleaner effluent before it reaches the drain field. They're more common where space is limited or soils don't perform well.

• How they differ: higher-quality effluent, smaller drain fields, powered components.
• Pros: greater tolerance of poor soils, smaller footprint, potential for expanded use on tight lots.
• Cons: higher operating cost, regular service, electrical needs, and potential odor if not well maintained.

Sand filtration and advanced treatment systems

These follow an ATU or operate as a stand-alone polish-step, using a sand or media bed to further cleanse effluent.

• Pros: can meet stricter local standards, extended system life in tough soils.
• Cons: more components to maintain, higher maintenance costs.

Drip irrigation and evapotranspiration (ET) systems

In some Lawton landscapes, treated effluent is dispersed through drip lines or ET beds to landscape plants, reducing the load on the drain field.

• Pros: water recycling potential, efficient use of effluent, lower surface exposure.
• Cons: design and commissioning are more complex; some local rules limit reuse.

How to choose a system in Lawton

1. Soil test and site evaluation
   • Step 1: Get a full soil assessment and percolation test from a licensed designer or the Comanche County area health department.
2. Space, groundwater, and setbacks
   • Step 2: Check lot size, slope, and setback requirements from local codes and the Oklahoma DEQ guidelines.
3. System type fit
   • Step 3: Match soil performance with system options (conventional, mound, ATU, etc.) and consider long-term maintenance.
4. Budget and maintenance planning
   • Step 4: Compare initial costs, electrical needs (for ATUs), and annual service requirements.

Official resources

• EPA Septic Systems: what they are and how they work

https://www.epa.gov/septic

• Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality — Onsite Wastewater Systems (state guidelines)

https://www.deq.ok.gov/waste-management/onsite-wastewater-systems/

Common Septic Issues in Lawton

Drain field saturation and slow drainage

• What happens: Heavy rains and saturated soils trap effluent, causing puddling, odors, and slow or backed-up drains.
• Why Lawton-specific: Many Lawton-area properties sit on dense clay soils with shallow pervious layers and, in spots, caliche. When rainfall is intense or groundwater is high, infiltration slows dramatically, stressing the drain field.
• Signs to watch for: Standing water or damp, swampy patches over the drain area; gurgling sounds in plumbing; toilets that take longer to flush and drains that drain slowly.
• Practical steps:
  1. Conserve water during wet periods (spread out laundry, reduce irrigation, fix leaks).
  2. Have a licensed septic contractor inspect the tank and distribution system.
  3. Pump the tank if it hasn't been serviced in 3–5 years (or per pro guidance) and check the baffles/filters.
  4. Consider field upgrades if persistent issues occur (e.g., mound or alternative drain-field designs) in consultation with local permitting authorities.
• Helpful resources: Oklahoma DEQ On-Site Sewage Systems guidance (official):

  Tree roots and landscape encroachment

  • What happens: Roots from trees and shrubs planted near the septic system invade tanks, pipes, and the drain field, restricting flow or causing breaks.
  • Why Lawton-specific: Lawton neighborhoods often have established trees and dense root networks; clay soils can force roots to seek outlets, increasing intrusion risk.
  • Signs to watch: Slow drains, toilets that back up, damp, unusually spongy ground over the drain area, or roots seen near clearly marked lines.
  • Practical steps:
    1. Have the system located (professional locating tools are essential) and measure root encroachment.
    2. Trim or remove problematic trees or install root barriers when appropriate.
    3. Keep equipment, vehicles, and construction away from the drain field to avoid compaction.
    4. If intrusion is severe, work with a septic pro on pipe replacement or rerouting the drain field.
  • Helpful resources: EPA septic system basics: https://www.epa.gov/septic

  Aging systems and component failures

  • What happens: Older septic tanks, cracked lids, deteriorating baffles, or damaged distribution boxes fail to separate solids or distribute effluent properly.
  • Why Lawton-specific: Some homes in Lawton were installed decades ago with older designs or materials that don't meet current performance standards; soil conditions can accelerate deterioration effects.
  • Signs to watch: Persistent odors, wet spots in the yard not related to rainfall, toilets or sinks that back up, or a tank that requires frequent pumping.
  • Practical steps:
    1. Schedule a professional inspection to assess tank integrity and baffles.
    2. If needed, replace failing components or upgrade to an updated treatment unit.
    3. Pump and clean the tank, and replace filters or risers as recommended.
    4. Establish a regular maintenance plan to avoid repeated failures.
  • Helpful resources: OSU Extension maintenance guidelines: https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/water-quality/septic-systems.html

  Excessive water use and improper waste disposal

  • What happens: High daily water usage and flushing non-biodegradable items overload the system, pushing solids into the drain field.
  • Why Lawton-specific: Summer irrigation, large family homes, or frequent appliance use can spike flows; many homes also have garbage disposals that discharge solids into the tank.
  • Signs to watch: Frequent backups, slow drains, or sewage odors in outdoor areas.
  • Practical steps:
    1. Use high-efficiency toilets and front-load washers; stagger laundry loads.
    2. Limit use of garbage disposals; dispose of fats, oils, and solids in the trash.
    3. Install an effluent filter and keep it clean to reduce solids entering the drain field.
    4. Track water usage and adjust irrigation schedules to minimize turf watering during peak septic load times.
  • Helpful resources: EPA septic systems page: https://www.epa.gov/septic

  Flooding, surface water, and groundwater considerations

  • What happens: Surface water and flood-prone conditions can overwhelm drain fields or raise groundwater levels, leading to effluent surfacing or backflow into the home.
  • Why Lawton-specific: Periodic heavy rainfall events and local drainage patterns can stress systems, especially where field lines are shallow or adjacent to slopes.
  • Signs to watch: Odors in yard after rain, saturated soil over the drain field, or new damp areas that persist after rainfall.
  • Practical steps:
    1. Avoid driving or parking on the drain field; keep irrigation and soil compaction away.
    2. If you notice repeated wet spots after storms, call a professional to evaluate field depth and drainage.
    3. Install proper surface drainage around the system to reduce field saturation.
  • Helpful resources: EPA septic guidance on flood effects: https://www.epa.gov/septic

  Regular maintenance and scheduling

  • What to do now: Establish and follow a pumping and inspection cycle.
  • Steps:
    1. Have a licensed septic contractor inspect every 1–2 years if you have an older system; otherwise, follow the pro's schedule.
    2. Pump every 3–5 years unless usage or pro guidance indicates more frequent service.
    3. Keep a maintenance log with pumping dates, repairs, and parts replaced.
  • Helpful resources: OSU Extension septic maintenance overview: https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/water-quality/septic-systems.html

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who Oversees Septic Permits in Lawton

• In Oklahoma, on-site wastewater systems are regulated by the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ). Local agencies may issue permits and perform inspections depending on jurisdiction.
• For Lawton and Comanche County, your permit and inspection responsibilities may fall to the City of Lawton Building Permits office, Comanche County Health Department, or directly through ODEQ for certain rural areas. Contact the appropriate local office to confirm who handles permits for your address.
• Start by asking: What authority reviews plans for my property, and who provides final approval after installation?

Do You Need a Permit?

• You generally need a permit for:
  • New septic system installations
  • Replacements of failed systems
  • Major repairs or modifications to an existing system
• Routine maintenance (like regular pumping, filter cleaning, or minor repairs) usually does not require a new permit, but keep records of work done.
• If you're in the city limits, building or plumbing permits may also be required for any work affecting the system. Always verify with the local permitting office before starting.

How to Obtain a Permit

1. Confirm the issuing authority for your address (ODEQ, City/County, or both). Use the official phone line or website to verify.
2. Gather required documents:
   • Property survey or plat showing lot boundaries
   • Site plan with the proposed septic location relative to the house, well, and property lines
   • Soil test or percolation test results
   • System design details (tank sizes, leach field or mound plan, pump and accessory components)
   • Contractor and designer contact information
3. Submit your application and pay the applicable fees to the correct office.
4. Allow time for plan review. You may be asked to revise drawings or provide additional details.
5. Schedule inspections at key milestones (before backfilling, after installation, and for final approval). Obtain final authorization and as-built drawings.

Inspection Steps and What to Expect

• Pre-installation check:
  • Permit in place, approved plan on file, and inspection appointment scheduled.
• During installation:
  • Inspectors verify setbacks (distance from house, wells, property lines), tank placement, lid access, piping, backfill, and drainage components.
  • Ensure proper venting, alarm systems, and pump equipment are installed per the plan.
• Post-installation:
  • Final inspection to confirm everything matches the approved design and passes local requirements.
  • Receive final approval and, if applicable, the as-built documentation.
• Common deficiencies to anticipate:
  • Incorrect setback distances or tank orientation
  • Incomplete or missing backfill and compaction
  • Missing access lids or risers
  • Improper surface drainage around the system
• If deficiencies occur, you'll receive a list of fixes and a re-inspection timeline.

Pre-Purchase or Re-Inspection Considerations

• For buyers, arrange a septic inspection as part of due diligence to assess current system health and any needed repairs.
• If the system is older (often 20–30+ years), request pumping and a detailed evaluation of the drain field's condition.
• Consider a professional evaluation if there are signs of trouble such as damp areas, odors, or slow drains.

Record Keeping and Maintenance

• Retain all permits, plan sheets, and inspection reports in a safe place.
• Maintain a maintenance log: pumping dates, pumped volumes, and any repairs or replacements.
• Schedule regular professional inspections and follow local pumping frequency guidelines (typically every 3–5 years, depending on usage and system type).

Useful Official Resources

• Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality - On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems: https://www.deq.ok.gov/water-quality/onsite-wastewater-treatment-systems/
• Check with your local permitting offices for Lawton and Comanche County to confirm current processes:
  • City of Lawton Building Permits and Inspections
  • Comanche County Health Department (local oversight inquiries)

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Lawton

Understanding Lawton's soil, water, and climate

• Lawton sits in a region with varying soil textures, from clay-heavy pockets to looser soils. Clay and dense soils can slow drainage and keep the drain field wetter after rains, increasing the chance of surface pooling and backups if the system is stressed.
• Oklahoma's seasonal rains can saturate soil quickly. In wet springs or after heavy storms, the groundwater table can rise, making the leach field work harder to absorb effluent.
• Freezing winter temperatures and rapid thaw cycles can affect soil structure and root growth near a drain field. Protecting the area from heavy equipment and maintaining plantings with shallow roots helps keep the system stable.
• Local rules may require setback distances from wells, streams, and property lines; always follow current state and local regulations when locating or upgrading a system. Official guidance: [EPA Septic Systems](

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Lawton

Pumping and Cleaning

• What it includes: Removing accumulated sludge and scum from the septic tank, inspecting tank baffles, and ensuring the outlet is functioning. In Lawton, soils can slow drainage and tank access can vary, so contractors may add time for accessing shallow tanks or navigating tight spaces.
• What to expect in Lawton: Most homes with a 1,000–1,500 gallon tank get pumped about every 3–5 years if usage is average. Higher daily flows or larger families can push pumping every 2 years.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $275–$450 for a standard pump-out; larger tanks (2,000 gallons) or difficult access can push toward $500–$700.
• Official guidance: EPA septic maintenance basics and cost considerations: https://www.epa.gov/septic

System Inspections and Diagnostics

• What it includes: Visual inspection of the tank, access risers, manholes, and the drain field; checking for signs of failure (odors, wet spots, damp areas); sometimes dye-testing to trace leaks; may include basic effluent sampling if requested.
• Lawton-specific notes: Annual or biannual inspections help catch problems before they become costly due to Lawton's climate and soil conditions. If you're buying or refinancing, a full inspection is often recommended.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $100–$250 for a basic inspection; $200–$350 for a more thorough evaluation or dye-test add-on.
• Official guidance: EPA septic system maintenance pages: https://www.epa.gov/septic; Oklahoma DEQ onsite wastewater resources (regulatory context): https://www.deq.ok.gov/wastewater/onsite-wastewater/

Drain Field Evaluation and Repair

• What it includes: Assessing soil absorption capacity, groundwater influence, and trench conditions; repairing or probing to locate the drain pipes; seeding or restoring vegetation as needed.
• Lawton-specific notes: Clay or compacted soils common in parts of Lawton can impact drain-field performance. Repairs may involve extending the field, adding fill, or adjusting the grade to improve drainage.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: Drain-field repair typically runs $2,000–$6,000 for minor repairs; more extensive fixes (replacing sections or improving absorption) can run $4,000–$12,000.
• Official guidance: EPA septic system maintenance: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Drain Field Replacement or Alternative System Installation

• What it includes: Full drain-field replacement or the installation of an alternative system (sand mound, aerobic treatment unit, or other engineered solution) when the existing field fails.
• Lawton-specific notes: The choice of system depends on soil tests and lot conditions. In some Lawton neighborhoods, mound or aerobic systems are selected to accommodate limited space or poor absorption.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $8,000–$25,000 for a standard replacement; alternative systems can push $20,000–$40,000+ depending on design and access.
• Official guidance: EPA alternative systems overview: https://www.epa.gov/septic/alternative-septic-systems; DEQ regulations and guidance for onsite wastewater: https://www.deq.ok.gov/wastewater/onsite-wastewater/

New System Installation and Permitting

• What it includes: Site evaluation, design planning, proper permits, system installation by licensed professionals, and post-installation testing.
• Lawton-specific notes: Oklahoma requires proper permitting and design oversight; soil tests determine whether a conventional septic, mound, or other engineered system is needed.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $10,000–$25,000 for a conventional new system; $20,000–$40,000+ for engineered or mound systems.
• Official guidance: EPA on getting a septic system and maintenance basics; DEQ onsite wastewater program for permitting guidance: https://www.deq.ok.gov/wastewater/onsite-wastewater/

Maintenance Plans, Service Contracts, and Routine Care

• What it includes: Scheduled pumping, inspections, and priority service; some contractors offer bundled plans with discounted rates for annual visits.
• Lawton-specific notes: A maintenance plan can prevent expensive failures in a climate with seasonal heat and heavy rainfall variability; check whether plan includes emergency response.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $250–$600 per year depending on service frequency and included items.
• Official guidance: EPA septic maintenance overview: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Emergency and After-Hours Pumping

• What it includes: Rapid response pumping when odors, backups, or overflow occur; priority dispatch and temporary containment if needed.
• Lawton-specific notes: Emergency response fees vary by time of day and travel distance; extended travel in rural pockets may add to cost.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $350–$700, sometimes higher for after-hours calls or long-distance service.
• Official guidance: EPA septic care and maintenance: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Root Removal, Pipe Repair, and Line Jetting

• What it includes: Removing roots invading the tank or lines; repairing damaged conduits; high-pressure jetting to clear clogs.
• Lawton-specific notes: Tree roots can be more problematic in older, dense lots; это May require longer runs or trench work.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $150–$400 for root cutting or jetting; $300–$1,500 for pipe repairs depending on access and depth.
• Official guidance: EPA septic system care: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Permits, Inspections, and Documentation

• What it includes: Permit application, system installation inspection, and final approval; record-keeping for future selling or refinancing.
• Lawton-specific notes: Permit requirements are typically handled through state and sometimes county health departments; costs vary by project size.
• Typical cost range in Lawton: $100–$300 for permits and inspections, excluding contractor fees.
• Official guidance: EPA and DEQ enforcement and permitting references: https://www.epa.gov/septic; https://www.deq.ok.gov/wastewater/onsite-wastewater/
• Official resources for general guidance:
  • EPA Septic Systems: https://www.epa.gov/septic
  • Oklahoma DEQ Onsite Wastewater Systems: https://www.deq.ok.gov/wastewater/onsite-wastewater/
  • EPA Maintenance and Care: https://www.epa.gov/septic