Septic in Dover, OH

Dover, Ohio is the kind of place where neighbors wave as they pass and yards stretch back to comfortable, family-friendly spaces. In many of those yards you'll find a septic system tucked out of sight behind a shed or along a side lot line, quietly handling wastewater so your home can function smoothly. If you're a new homeowner or shopping for a place in Dover, you'll want to know what to expect from septic systems here and how to keep them healthy for years to come.

Is septic common in Dover? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home? In Dover and the surrounding area, septic is very common. A large share of single-family homes relies on on-site systems because not every street is tied into a municipal sewer line. Some newer developments do connect to city sewer, but many older neighborhoods and rural parcels continue to depend on septic. If you're buying a home, it's wise to confirm whether the property is on public sewer or on a septic system, and to budget for regular maintenance accordingly. And if the home isn't on sewer, you're likely looking at a standard septic setup that's perfectly capable when cared for.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Dover

• Historic and current development patterns: Dover's older streets and varied lot sizes often mean sewer lines aren't available to every property, making on-site systems a practical choice.
• Space to treat wastewater: Generous yards and soil beneath many properties lend themselves to drain fields that safely disperse treated water.
• Cost and practicality: Extending sewer mains across established neighborhoods can be expensive and disruptive, so septic remains a cost-effective, reliable option for many homeowners.
• Local regulations and soil conditions: Regulations favor protecting groundwater and surface water, and in areas with certain soil types, a properly designed septic system is an appropriate solution.

High-level explanation of why septic exists here

A septic system is essentially a small, on-site wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater flows from the house into a buried septic tank where solids settle. Liquids then move to a leach field (drain field) where soil and natural processes filter and purify before the water re-enters the ground. In Dover, the right soil, adequate space, and careful installation make on-site treatment a durable, long-term approach for single-family homes. With proper design, installation, and regular maintenance, a septic system can serve a home safely for decades.

As you read on, you'll find practical, neighbor-to-neighbor guidance on keeping a Dover septic system healthy, with simple steps and clear maintenance timing to keep things running smoothly.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Dover

Rural and unsewered areas outside centralized Dover sewer service

In Dover, septic systems are most common on properties that aren't connected to a municipal sewer main. You'll find them on farms, country homes, and older neighborhoods where sewer lines never extended or where extending them would be cost-prohibitive. On these lots, a well-maintained septic system is essential for protecting groundwater and local water features, while keeping daily living comfortable.

• Private lots without sewer mains
• Homes with larger lots typical of rural Dover surroundings
• Older properties developed before comprehensive sewer expansion

Soils and site conditions in Dover that favor septic

Soil type and site conditions strongly shape how septic systems are designed and where they're placed. Dover sits in an area where several soil profiles are common, and those profiles determine whether a conventional system will work or if an alternative is needed.

• Well-drained soils (like certain sandy loams) support standard gravity drainfields and easier maintenance
• Clay-rich soils or soils with low permeability can slow effluent movement and may require mound or sand-filter designs
• Shallow bedrock or high groundwater near the surface limits drainfield depth and may trigger engineered solutions

Soil testing by a licensed professional is a prerequisite for design and permitting, and local health departments use those results to approve specific system types for a property.

Topography and groundwater considerations in Dover

Topography and groundwater influence where a septic system's drainfield can be placed and how it will perform over time.

• Sloped sites require careful drainfield layout to ensure proper gravity flow and minimize erosion
• Areas near streams, rivers, or flood-prone zones demand additional setbacks and sometimes alternative treatment options
• Seasonal high water tables can reduce drainfield effectiveness and guide the choice of system type or placement

Because Dover houses sit in a mix of upland and low-lying areas, many residents rely on professional site evaluations to map the best possible septic solution.

Common septic system types you'll see in Dover

Depending on soil, slope, and water table, Dover properties employ a few familiar system types.

• Conventional gravity systems on suitable soils
• Mound systems where soil absorption is limited by depth or soil quality
• Sand-filter or at-grade systems for challenging soils or drainage constraints
• Advanced treatment units (ATUs) or other integrated systems for higher effluent quality or space constraints

A licensed septic designer or installer will recommend the most appropriate design based on site conditions and local code requirements.

How Dover homeowners interact with septic regulation

Regulation of onsite wastewater systems in this region is handled at both the state and county levels. Ohio EPA oversees statewide OWTS rules, while county or district health departments administer permits, inspections, and design approvals at the local level.

• Permits are typically required for installation, modification, or replacement
• Site evaluations, percolation tests, and system designs must meet state and local standards
• Regular maintenance and pumping schedules help prevent failures and protect groundwater

For official guidance, refer to the Ohio EPA Onsite Wastewater Program and your county health department resources.

Practical steps for homeowners in Dover

1. Confirm whether your property is connected to Dover's sewer system or relies on a private septic. Check with the city or Tuscarawas County Health Department.
2. If you're buying, request an as-built diagram and recent maintenance records from the seller.
3. Hire a licensed designer to conduct soil tests and prepare a compliant septic design.
4. Use a licensed installer for installation and obtain all required permits.
5. Establish a maintenance schedule (pump every 3–5 years is common, but follow your system's spec) and track inspections.

Official resources

• Ohio EPA Onsite Wastewater Program:
• Tuscarawas County Health Department (Environmental Health information):

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Dover Should Know

Quick definitions

• Septic system: a small, on-site wastewater treatment option. Wastewater from your home flows into a septic tank, where solids settle, and liquid effluent is released to a drain field for natural treatment.
• Public sewer: a centralized system owned by the municipality. Your home connects to a sanitary sewer line, and wastewater is transported to a treatment facility for processing.

Key takeaway: septic is on-site and maintenance-dependent; sewer is shared infrastructure funded by the city and billed through utilities.

What Dover homeowners typically have

• In-town properties: most Dover homes are connected to a municipal sewer system managed by the city or county utilities. If you're in an urban or developed part of Dover, you're likely on sewer.
• Rural or peripheral areas: some properties rely on on-site septic systems, especially where municipal lines don't cover the lot.
• Mixed scenarios: districts sometimes transition, so it's essential to confirm your exact status with the local utility or health department.

Cost implications at a glance

• Sewer connection: one-time hookup fees may apply if you're not already connected, plus ongoing monthly or quarterly sewer charges based on usage and local rates.
• Sewer bills: depend on rate schedules, wastewater treatment costs, and household water use.
• Septic system total cost: installation can range widely depending on soil, permits, and tank size; annual costs include pumping every 3–5 years, inspections, and minor repairs.
• Long-term view: sewer service shifts ongoing maintenance responsibility away from the homeowner, while septic systems require regular care to prevent failures.

Maintenance and long-term planning

• Septic systems require proactive care; sewer service is managed by the city (with maintenance responsibilities largely on the utility side).
• Maintenance basics:
  • Avoid flushing non-biodegradables, fats, oils, and chemicals that disrupt bacteria in septic tanks.
  • Conserve water to reduce load on the system.
  • Schedule professional pumping every 3–5 years (or as recommended for your tank size and usage).
  • Protect the drain field: keep vehicles off, plant only shallow-rooted vegetation nearby, and prevent tree roots from encroaching.
• For sewer users: monitor bills and report unusual sewer backups or notices from the utility promptly to avoid penalties or service interruptions.

How to verify your current setup (in Dover)

• Check with your utility bill or account: look for "Sanitary Sewer" or "Wastewater" charges.
• Inspect property records or tax statements for municipal service presence.
• Ask your prior owner or builder about the system type.
• If in doubt, contact:
  • Dover or Tuscarawas County utility departments to confirm if you're on sewer or septic.
  • Your local health department for on-site wastewater guidance if you suspect a septic system exists.

Practical steps if you're on septic or considering a change

1. Confirm your status with the local utility (sewer vs septic) and obtain official documentation.
2. If on septic, schedule a baseline inspection and establish a pumping/maintenance calendar.
3. If connected to sewer, review your rate structure and any sewer-centric conservation tips from the utility.
4. Plan upgrades or repairs based on soil tests, system age, and local regulations.
5. Keep records: permits, pumping receipts, and maintenance notes for future sales or inspections.

Official resources

• EPA: septic systems overview and maintenance guidance
• For state-level on-site wastewater guidelines and regulations, refer to Ohio EPA's divisions and publications:
  • https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions/waste-management-and-recycling

Typical Septic System Types in Dover

Conventional Septic Systems

• How they work: A single septic tank collects wastewater, solids settle as sludge, scum floats, and clarified liquid moves to an underground drainfield for soil-based treatment.
• Common components: Septic tank, distribution box, perforated pipes, gravel or stone, and a soil absorption field.
• What to expect: Typical lifespans run 20–30 years with proper care; regular pumping helps keep the tank working.
• Pros and cons:
  • Pros: Simple design, widely understood, usually less upfront cost.
  • Cons: Requires suitable soil and space; poor-use practices (heavy flushing, excess grease) can shorten life and harm the drainfield.

Alternative Drain Field Systems

If Dover soils or groundwater conditions aren't ideal for a conventional drainfield, the county often allows alternative approaches.

• Mound systems
  • When soil depth, permeability, or groundwater conditions are limited, a raised "mound" is built with select fill material and a designed drainfield on top.
  • Pros: Can treat wastewater in challenging soils; expands usable property.
  • Cons: Higher installation cost; requires ongoing maintenance and professional oversight.
• Chamber systems
  • Use modular plastic chambers to create a wide, low-profile drain area instead of traditional gravel trenches.
  • Pros: Flexible layout, often easier and quicker to install.
  • Cons: Needs careful installation and slope control; performance depends on proper design.
• Pressure distribution / drain beds
  • Distributes effluent more evenly across the drainfield, improving performance in soils with variable absorption.
  • Pros: Better resilience in marginal soils.
  • Cons: More complex than standard gravity systems; requires a pump and control components in some designs.

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU)

• How they work: ATUs provide pre-treatment through aerobic digestion, producing a higher-quality effluent before it reaches the drainfield or mound.
• When they're used: Helpful when soils are less forgiving, groundwater is shallow, or space for a large drainfield is limited.
• Maintenance: Requires electricity, periodic servicing, and regular filter or media replacement.
• Pros and cons:
  • Pros: Higher treatment efficiency, can reduce drainage field size needs.
  • Cons: Higher ongoing energy use and service requirements; more components to maintain.

Other Options (Less Common, But Available)

• Sand filter systems
  • Treated effluent passes through a sand bed for additional polishing before entering soil.
  • Pros: Effective where native soils are poor as long as space is available.
  • Cons: More maintenance and space; typically higher cost.
• Constructed wetlands or specialty systems
  • Use natural or engineered wetland features to treat effluent.
  • Pros: Aesthetics and habitat benefits in some designs.
  • Cons: Generally more complex and site-specific; not standard for all Dover homes.

Maintenance and local considerations

• Site evaluation and permitting: Dover-area installations typically require a formal site assessment and local permits. A soil evaluation by the Tuscarawas County Health Department or your local health district is essential to select a compatible system.
• Regular maintenance: Schedule pump-outs every 3–5 years for conventional systems, or per the recommendation of the installing contractor for ATUs or alternative systems.
• Protect the drainfield: Keep heavy equipment off the drainfield area, plant only shallow-rooted grasses, and conserve water to reduce hydraulic load.
• Usage awareness: Spread out water use, fix leaks promptly, and use septic-safe products to protect beneficial bacteria.

Maintenance steps you can follow

1. Have a licensed septic professional inspect and pump your tank on a regular schedule.
2. Keep a maintenance log and note any unusual odors, wet spots, or backups.
3. Use water-saving fixtures and space out laundry loads to avoid peak load stress.
4. Avoid introducing solids, grease, solvents, and non-biodegradable items into the system.

Resources

• EPA septic information:
• Local health department guidance (Tuscarawas County/your district): check your county health department website for onsite wastewater resources
• For general best practices and homeowner tips: consult official guidance from national and state authorities via the EPA link above.

Common Septic Issues in Dover

High groundwater and soil limitations in Dover

Dover sits in a river valley area with soils that can be clay-heavy and zones of shallow bedrock. When the water table rises in spring and after heavy rains, percolation slows and the drain field gets overwhelmed. That means effluent has nowhere to properly drain, increasing backups and surface pooling.

• Signs to watch for:
  • Slow drains, toilets backing up, or gurgling sounds
  • Wet spots or a strong sewage odor near the septic area
  • Surcharging or standing water over the drain field after rain
• What to do (step-by-step):
  1. Avoid sending large volumes of water to the system (long showers, laundry loads).
  2. Have a septic professional perform a drain-field evaluation and percolation test.
  3. Pump the tank if solids are high, but don't rely on pumping alone to fix field issues.
  4. Discuss alternatives with a pro (e.g., mound or other soil-adapted systems).
• When to call a pro: backup persists after short storms, or you notice persistent surface pooling.
• Official resources: EPA septic basics can help you understand how groundwater and soils affect performance.

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who Oversees Septic Systems in Dover, OH

• In Dover, onsite wastewater systems (OWTS) are regulated at both the state and local level. The Ohio EPA sets statewide standards for design, permitting, and inspections, while local health departments handle permits, plan reviews, and inspections.
• Most OWTS permitting and inspections in Dover are managed by the Tuscarawas County Health Department. If your property is inside the City of Dover limits, you may also interact with the city's building or code offices for related permits.
• Always verify with the correct office before starting work to avoid delays or code violations. Official resources:
  • Tuscarawas County Health Department:
  • Ohio EPA Onsite Wastewater Program:

When a Permit is Required

• New system installation or a full replacement
• Major repairs or alterations (e.g., drain-field replacement, tank replacement, reconfiguration)
• System abandonment or relocation
• Work that triggers real estate transaction requirements or lender conditions
• Routine maintenance and pumping generally do not require a permit, but documented work may be needed if it affects the system's integrity

Getting an OWTS Inspection (Before, During, After)

• Hire a qualified inspector or a licensed septic contractor to perform the evaluation. They will check tank condition, baffles, pump chamber, drain field integrity, and sludge/scum levels.
• Inspection timing:
  • Before purchasing a home (highly recommended)
  • When selling a home (often requested by buyers or lenders)
  • After significant repairs or modifications
• What the report covers:
  • System age, current condition, pump dates, and any observed failures
  • Drain-field performance and signs of dysfunction (standing water, odors, surfacing)
  • Recommended repairs or replacements and maintenance plans
• If issues are found:
  • Develop a repair or replacement plan
  • Obtain any necessary permits before work begins
• Keep all inspection reports and permit records in the home file for future reference

Permits: How to Apply and What to Expect

• Who issues permits:
  • Typically the Tuscarawas County Health Department; Dover city limits may involve the city's building department for related permits
• Common documents you may need:
  • Site plan showing the sewage system's location relative to property features
  • System design or replacement plan from a licensed professional
  • Equipment specifications and product details
  • Proof of ownership and, if applicable, a survey
  • Permit fee payment
• Process (general steps):
  1. Contact the appropriate local health department or city office to confirm permit requirements
  2. Submit the application with required plans and documents
  3. Pay the permit fee and any plan-review charges
  4. Schedule and pass required inspections at milestones (installation trenching/backfill, final)
  5. Receive final permit approval and keep the paperwork with the property records
• Timelines vary, so start early if timing matters for a sale or financing

Real Estate Transactions: Quick Tips

• Obtain a pre-purchase OWTS inspection to avoid surprises at closing
• Ensure the contract or escrow accounts for any needed permits or repairs
• Clarify who is responsible for post-closing inspections or code-compliance issues

Helpful Resources

• Tuscarawas County Health Department:

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Dover

Dover-specific considerations

Dover, OH sits in a region where winters are cold and springs can be rainy. Local soils can vary, with some properties having clay-heavy or shallower soils that slow effluent absorption. Groundwater levels and seasonal rainfall in the Dover area can push additional load onto the drainfield, especially during wet seasons. Regular maintenance becomes even more important when drainage areas are near wells, steep slopes, or property features that reduce drainage. For regulatory guidance and official requirements, see the Ohio EPA Onsite Wastewater Program:

• Soils and absorption: If your Dover property has compacted clay or shallow soil over rock, the drainfield may require more careful sizing, locating, or occasional upgrade.
• Wet seasons: Spring rains and snowmelt can raise the water table, increasing saturation around the drainfield and potentially slowing absorption.
• Winter operating conditions: Frozen ground can limit infiltration and make lids harder to access; plan maintenance during unfrozen periods when possible.

Regular maintenance schedule

Consistency keeps Dover systems running smoothly. Use a simple routine and keep records.

• Visual checks: Look for pooling, damp spots, or strong sewage odors around the tank access lids and drainfield area about once a month.
• Water-use balance: Spread out laundry, baths, and dishwashing. Use high-efficiency appliances and fix leaks promptly to reduce stress on the system.
• Protective practices: Avoid garbage disposals as a daily habit; they add solids. Use septic-safe products and minimize chemical cleaners that may disrupt beneficial bacteria.
• Drainfield protection: Keep vehicles and heavy equipment off the drainfield area and plant only shallow-rooted vegetation above it.

Pumping and inspection (step-by-step)

Frequency depends on tank size, family size, and soil conditions. Use these steps as a practical guide and adjust with a local pro.

1. Identify tank size and age. If you don't have records, a licensed inspector can locate and measure the tank, then advise on pumping intervals.
2. Schedule pumping with a licensed septic contractor. Most Dover homes with typical 1,000-gallon tanks pump every 3–5 years, but older systems or higher wastewater volumes may require more frequent service.
3. After pumping, obtain and keep a maintenance report. Note the date, tank size, pump-out volume, and any observations about baffles or filters.
4. Consider adding an effluent screen or filter if recommended by your installer; check and clean per local guidance.
5. Maintain a long-term log. Document inspections, repairs, and any alarms or odors you notice between visits.

Seasonal considerations for Dover

Seasonal patterns can influence maintenance timing and practices.

• Spring/fall: Schedule inspections after the wettest months or following heavy rains to catch groundwater-related drainage issues early.
• Winter: If you must access components in cold weather, exercise caution to prevent breakage. Plan major maintenance for milder days when soil is unfrozen.
• Summer: Monitor for drought-like conditions that may reduce soil moisture and affect drainage patterns; ensure the drainfield isn't overloaded by irrigation or pooling runoff.

Do's and don'ts for Dover homes

• Do: Use a licensed, local septic contractor for inspections, pumping, and repairs; follow their recommendations for pumping intervals.
• Do: Protect the drainfield with appropriate setback distances from wells, streams, and property lines as required by Ohio rules.
• Don't: Flush fats, oils, grease, coffee grounds, dairy products, or non-biodegradable items. Avoid chemical drain cleaners and heavy disinfectants.
• Don't: Drive or park on the drainfield area; keep pets and children away from inspection ports and tanks.

When to call a pro in Dover

• You notice persistent odors, toilets or sinks draining slowly, or sewage backups.
• The system has not been inspected or pumped within the recommended interval, or you're planning a major remodel that will increase wastewater flow.

Official resources

• Ohio EPA Onsite Wastewater Program: https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions/waste-management-and-recycling/onsite-wastewater
• General septic system guidance (US EPA): https://www.epa.gov/septic
• Ohio Administrative Code and local regulations (for reference on setbacks and design requirements): https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Dover

Septic Tank Pumping

• What it includes: removing built-up sludge and scum, pumping out the tank interior, basic inspection of lids/risers, and a check of baffles and overall tank condition. Most companies also note the sludge level for planning future service.
• Dover specifics: Dover-area homes typically have 1,000–1,500 gallon tanks. Access may require raised lids or existing clear risers; winter access can slow scheduling. For households with multiple occupants or frequent disposal use, pumping every 2–3 years is common.
• Typical cost in Dover: roughly $250–$450 for standard tanks; $450–$600 for larger tanks or challenging access; extra charges apply for after-hours or travel.
• Quick steps you can expect: schedule, confirm access, pump, and receive a simple service note.
• Official resources:

Septic Tank Inspection

• What it includes: visual lid/baffle checks, effluent screen status, and overall tank condition. A basic inspection may suffice for home buyers or yearly maintenance, while a camera inspection may be added if issues are suspected.
• Dover specifics: Inspections are common with real estate transactions or when problems are reported. Winter weather can affect how thoroughly lines can be checked; consider scheduling in milder months if possible.
• Typical cost in Dover: $100–$250 for a basic inspection; $350–$800 for a full camera/line inspection.
• Follow-up: if issues are found, you'll likely proceed to pumping, repairs, or additional line evaluation.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic'>https://www.epa.gov/septic, Tuscarawas County Health Department: https://www.tchd.org/

Drain Field Evaluation (Leach Field) and Soil Tests

• What it includes: evaluation of field performance (appearance of wet spots, odor, or slow drainage), possibly a dye test or soil probe assessments to gauge absorption capacity.
• Dover specifics: older Dover systems often rely on conventional drain fields; clay soils or high water tables can impact performance. A field evaluation helps decide if pumping alone is enough or if repairs are needed.
• Typical cost in Dover: $300–$700 for a basic evaluation; $1,000–$2,500+ for more thorough soil testing or specialist evaluation.
• When to consider this: before repairs, after repeated backups, or as part of a system upgrade plan.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic'>https://www.epa.gov/septic, Tuscarawas County Health Department: https://www.tchd.org/

Drain Field Repair or Replacement

• What it includes: repairing failed trenches, replacing damaged liners, reseeding a new drain field, or installing an alternative like a mound system if site conditions require.
• Dover specifics: the cost varies widely with site constraints and system type (conventional vs. mound vs. aerobic). Mound systems and ATU-containing setups tend to be more expensive and require specialized contractors.
• Typical cost in Dover: $2,000–$8,000 for conventional repairs; $8,000–$20,000+ for extensive replacements; mound or ATU-based changes can run higher.
• Quick note: repair costs are often more economical than full replacement, but age and soil conditions drive the decision.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic'>https://www.epa.gov/septic, Tuscarawas County Health Department: https://www.tchd.org/

Septic System Installation (New System)

• What it includes: site evaluation, soil testing, design, permit coordination, tank installation, drain field or mound construction, and final inspection.
• Dover specifics: local permitting typically involves the Tuscarawas County Health Department or equivalent authority; Dover's soil and lot layouts influence whether a conventional, mound, or ATU solution is used.
• Typical cost in Dover: $7,000–$25,000+ depending on tank size, field type, and site accessibility; complex sites or mound systems can exceed $30,000.
• Project steps: feasibility study → design → permits → installation → final inspection.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic'>https://www.epa.gov/septic, Tuscarawas County Health Department: https://www.tchd.org/

Septic System Repair (Components or ATU)

• What it includes: fixes to components like baffles, effluent filters, pump stations, floats, or ATU internals; may involve part replacements or minor system adjustments.
• Dover specifics: ATU components are common in older Dover homes; repairs often require a tech trained in aerobic systems; some repairs are straightforward, others demand a full unit service.
• Typical cost in Dover: $200–$1,000 for individual components; $2,000–$5,000+ for major ATU repairs or replacements.
• Maintenance tip: regular component checks can extend life and avoid larger, costlier fixes.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic'>https://www.epa.gov/septic, Tuscarawas County Health Department: https://www.tchd.org/

Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) Maintenance and Repair

• What it includes: scheduled servicing (often quarterly or semi-annually), cleaning, media replacement when needed, and system checks; battery/backup diagnostics if applicable.
• Dover specifics: ATUs are common in the area; many homeowners sign maintenance contracts to ensure consistent performance and compliance with local guidelines.
• Typical cost in Dover: $300–$600 per year for ongoing maintenance; $3,000–$10,000+ for replacement.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic'>https://www.epa.gov/septic, Tuscarawas County Health Department: https://www.tchd.org/

Emergency/After-Hours Service and Backups

• What it includes: urgent pumping, line snaking, backup remediation, or addressing a failed component when wastewater is backing up.
• Dover specifics: winter storms or heavy rains can trigger backups; response times and surge rates vary by provider.
• Typical cost in Dover: $300–$900 for emergency calls, plus any necessary parts or additional services.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Permitting, Inspections, and Fees

• What it includes: permit application, plan review, and required inspections for installation, modification, or significant repairs.
• Dover specifics: local health department oversight means fees and timelines align with Tuscarawas County standards; be prepared for both permit and inspection charges.
• Typical cost in Dover: $100–$500 depending on scope.
• Official resources: https://www.tchd.org/