Septic in Lorraine, NY

In Lorraine, rural lanes and open yards mean most homes manage waste on-site rather than rely on a municipal sewer system. If you've ever stood at a driveway with a clean, quiet septic tank behind you or near the driveway, you've got a sense of how common this setup is here. You'll likely notice that septic thinking is part of everyday homeownership in this part of upstate New York.

Is septic common in Lorraine? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home?

Yes. Septic systems are the norm for many Lorraine properties, especially those outside the town sewer network. If you're buying a home here, plan on encountering a septic system—often a tank plus a drain field. As part of due diligence, ask for the septic records, and be prepared for routine maintenance like pump-outs. Practical signs you'll want to check for include recent pumping dates, inspection reports, and any permit history for the system.

• If the home isn't connected to public sewer, expect a septic system.
• Request the seller's records: last pump, any inspection notes, permits, and the system's design.
• Watch for red flags: damp spots in the yard, strong odors, gurgling drains, or consistently slow fixtures.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Lorraine

A few practical realities shape septic use here:

• Rural layout and cost of expansion: Extending public sewer lines to every home is expensive, so many properties rely on on-site treatment available on each lot.
• Soil and groundwater considerations: Lorraine's varied soils and well-water supplies make on-site systems a sensible approach when designed and maintained properly, helping protect wells and nearby water bodies.
• Local rules and routines: Zoning, health department guidelines, and typical maintenance expectations favor well-designed, regularly serviced septic systems for single-family homes.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

A septic system is a compact, on-site wastewater treatment setup. Wastewater from toilets, sinks, and appliances flows into a tank where solids settle and scum floats. Liquid effluent then moves to a drain field in the soil, where natural filtration and microbial action finish the treatment. The system relies on the soil to absorb and treat the water before it returns to the groundwater. In Lorraine, this arrangement works with the landscape, climate, and development pattern, letting homes manage waste safely where centralized sewer access isn't always feasible.

In the next sections, you'll find practical maintenance basics, local tips, and what to plan for to keep your system healthy and reliable.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Lorraine

Overview of why septic is common here

Lorraine is a rural town where most homes sit on individual lots rather than in dense urban centers. Municipal sewer lines cover only limited areas, so on-site septic systems are the standard method for handling household wastewater. The pattern reflects historical land use, parcel sizes, and local soils that can accommodate leach fields with proper design and maintenance.

Where you'll see septic most often in Lorraine

• Rural single-family homes outside any sewer district on parcels of roughly one acre or larger.
• Properties away from public utilities with sufficient space to place a septic system and a well, house, and setback distances.
• Older homes and newer builds alike, where upgrades or repairs are required to meet NYSDOH guidelines.

Soil and site characteristics that favor septic in Lorraine

• Well-drained soils, such as loams and sandy loams, that allow effluent to percolate without pooling.
• Adequate soil depth to groundwater and a stable subsoil profile to support a drainfield.
• Slope and bedrock considerations: gentle to moderate slopes and depth to bedrock influence system design; steeper sites or shallow bedrock may require engineered solutions.
• Proximity to water features and wells is a key factor; setbacks are required by state and local rules to protect drinking water and surface water.

Why these patterns exist

• Limited municipal sewer coverage across the town means most homes must rely on on-site systems.
• Lot sizes and road patterns often date back to agricultural uses, preserving space for septic fields.
• Local regulations govern spacing, perc tests, and system design to avoid contamination of wells and streams.

Practical steps for Lorraine homeowners

1. Check with the town or county health department about sewer service status and any local septic design rules before buying or building. State guidance: NYSDOH On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS) program.
2. If new or upgraded, hire a licensed designer or engineer to perform soil tests or percolation tests and to prepare an approved system plan. Find state requirements here: NYSDOH OWTS.
3. Maintain your system: pump out records every 3-5 years or as recommended for your tank size and use; protect the drainfield from heavy equipment and tree roots.
4. Schedule regular inspections if you notice signs of trouble such as sewage odors, slow drains, or damp spots above the drainfield.

Where to learn more

• NYSDOH On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS): https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/watershed/on-site_wastewater/
• EPA Septic Systems: https://www.epa.gov/septic
• Local resources: talk with the Lorraine Town Clerk or the Jefferson County Health Department to understand local septic permitting and inspections. Official county resources: https://www.co.jefferson.ny.us/departments/publichealth

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Lorraine Should Know

How sewer systems work (municipal)

• Wastewater from homes flows through public pipes to a treatment plant.
• The city or town maintains the main sewer lines, pumps, and the treatment facility.
• You typically receive a monthly sewer bill, and the system is designed to handle waste from many properties.
• The sewer system relies on gravity and pressure to move effluent to treatment facilities.
• Backups or blockages generally involve utility crews or contracted plumbers, not on-site maintenance.

How septic systems work (on-site)

• A septic tank sits underground on your property. Solids settle, scum floats, and clarified liquid exits to the drain field.
• Microbes in the tank and soil work to further break down waste before it reaches groundwater.
• Regular pumping by a licensed contractor is essential to prevent solids from building up and causing backups.
• The drain field (leach field) relies on properly drained, permeable soil to distribute and treat effluent.
• A well-maintained system protects your home, neighborhood wells, and local water sources.

Key differences for Lorraine homeowners

• Ownership and responsibility:
  • Sewer: responsibility lies with the municipality; you pay a bill and rely on public maintenance.
  • Septic: you own and maintain the on-site system; routine care is on you.
• Space and site requirements:
  • Sewer: no drain field on your property; feasible where a robust public system exists.
  • Septic: requires adequate space and suitable soil for the drain field.
• Costs and timing:
  • Sewer: ongoing monthly or quarterly charges; repairs are typically municipal.
  • Septic: periodic pumping and potential repairs; large failures can be costly.
• Environmental considerations:
  • Both systems must be used carefully—avoid flushing harmful chemicals and be mindful of water use to protect groundwater.

What to expect in Lorraine if your home is on sewer vs septic

• On sewer:
  • You'll connect to the municipal line if not already connected; confirm with the local utility.
  • Expect a steady sewer bill and relatively low on-site maintenance.
  • If a backup occurs, report it to the utility and arrange professional help as needed.
• On septic:
  • Schedule pumping based on tank size and household usage (commonly every 3–5 years).
  • Practice water-smart habits to protect the drain field (disperse loads of laundry, use high-efficiency appliances).
  • Schedule routine inspections with a licensed septic professional to catch issues early.

Maintenance and cost considerations

• Septic system:
  • Pump regularly; never ignore signs like gurgling drains, pooling on the drain field, or slow flushing.
  • Limit solids entering the tank; avoid flushing wipes, grease, solvents, or chemicals that can disrupt bacteria.
  • Budget for pump-outs and potential drain-field repairs or replacements over time.
• Sewer:
  • Bills are tied to usage; leaks or blockages can spike costs.
  • Repairs are typically handled by the municipality or a licensed contractor per local rules.
  • Preventive maintenance remains important—report issues promptly to prevent backups that affect multiple homes.

Environmental and health considerations

• Proper maintenance protects groundwater, wells, and local ecosystems.
• Use septic-safe products, manage household chemicals, and keep the drain field clear of heavy loads and parking over the laterals.

Official resources

• New York State Department of Health – Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems:
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Septic Systems: https://www.epa.gov/septic
• For local rules and programs, check with your county or town health department and utility provider for Lorraine-specific guidance.

Typical Septic System Types in Lorraine

Conventional gravity septic system

• How it works: A buried septic tank receives wastewater, solids settle, liquids flow to a leach field by gravity, and effluent percolates into the soil.
• When it fits Lorraine soils: Best in well-drained, permeable soils with adequate depth to bedrock and groundwater.
• Pros: Simple design, cost-effective, easy to service.
• Cons: Performance depends on soil; poor soils or shallow groundwater can limit drainfield size or require alternatives.
• Maintenance note: Regular pumping every 3–5 years (tank size and usage dictate timing). See EPA guidance for basics:

Site and soil realities in Lorraine

• Soil testing and percolation rates drive system selection more than size alone.
• Climate considerations: Cold winters affect drainage field performance and may prompt seasonal inspection visits.

Steps to help decide your system type

1. Get a professional site and soil evaluation for Lorraine conditions.
2. Interview licensed designers/contractors about local code requirements and recommended systems.
3. Review permit and inspection expectations with the county or town health office and your installer.
4. Compare lifecycle costs: upfront, maintenance, and potential replacement needs.
5. Establish a maintenance plan and keep records for pumps, inspections, and component replacements.

Common Septic Issues in Lorraine

High Water Table and Drain Field Saturation

• What it looks like: soggy spots over the drain field, a strong sewer odor outdoors, toilets that are slow to flush or gurgle, and lush, unusually green grass over parts of the yard.
• Why Lorraine may see this: spring rains, snowmelt, and groundwater fluctuations in this part of upstate New York can keep the soil saturated longer than in drier areas.
• What you can do:
  • Stagger water use during wet periods (avoid long showers and simultaneous laundry).
  • Limit irrigation and outdoor water features when the ground is already saturated.
  • Have the drain field evaluated if wet areas persist for weeks; a failed field may need a redesign (e.g., a mounded system) or replacement.
• When to call a pro: persistent damp spots, persistent odors, or backups in the house.
• Resources: NYS Department of Health Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems guide.

Soil Permeability: Clay, Bedrock, or Shallow Depth

• What it looks like: poor drainage, slow percolation, or field failure even with regular pumping.
• Why Lorraine-specific: many parts of the region have heavy clay or shallow bedrock layers that impede effluent from properly leaching into the soil.
• What you can do:
  • Get a soils report and percolation test done by a licensed professional.
  • Consider alternative designs (such as a mound system or an advanced treatment unit) if soil tests show poor absorption.
  • Avoid building new structures or planting near the drain field to prevent root intrusion.
• When to call a pro: if you notice standing water in the leach field after rainfall or if effluent surfacing occurs.
• Resources: NYS DEC Onsite Wastewater Systems information.

Freezing and Winter Performance

• What it looks like: frozen lids or access risers, frozen pipes, or a sudden drop in system performance in late fall or winter.
• Why Lorraine: cold winters and fluctuating temperatures can freeze shallow components and disrupt flow.
• What you can do:
  • Insulate exposed piping and the tank lid area; keep access lids clear of snow.
  • Use automatic washing machine cycles and dishwashers during warmer daytime hours when possible.
  • Schedule seasonal inspections before freeze-thaw periods.
• When to call a pro: if you suspect frozen lines or repeated backups after cold snaps.
• Resources: EPA septic systems basics for cold climates. https://www.epa.gov/septic

Overloading the System: High Water Use and Garbage Disposal

• What it looks like: backups after heavy laundry days, toilets refilling slowly, or sludge odors after a big party.
• Why Lorraine residents see this: modest-sized systems can be more sensitive to spikes in water use during holidays or gatherings.
• What you can do:
  • Space out laundry and avoid running multiple large loads at once.
  • Use high-efficiency laundry and dishwasher options; limit garbage disposal use.
  • Tank pump-outs and field maintenance should be planned around anticipated water-use spikes.
• When to call a pro: if backups occur despite reducing water use, or if you notice frequent odors.
• Resources: EPA septic system maintenance tips. https://www.epa.gov/septic

Tree Roots and Landscaping Interference

• What it looks like: cracks in the tank or pipes, wet areas in the yard away from the house, or poor drainage around the drain field.
• Why Lorraine: many properties near established trees can have root intrusion into the drain field or lateral lines.
• What you can do:
  • Keep trees and shrubs at a safe distance from the drain field (typically 10–15 feet or more, depending on species and soil).
  • If roots are suspected, schedule a professional inspection and consider root barriers or relocating plantings.
• When to call a pro: visible root intrusion, cracks, or new wet spots appearing near the system.
• Resources: NYS DOH and DEC guidance on protecting onsite systems from roots. https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/onsite_wastewater.htm

Odors, Backups, and Venting Issues

• What it looks like: sewage odor around the septic area, toilets and drains backing up, or gurgling sounds in plumbing.
• Why Lorraine: venting problems, tank or baffle issues, or a failing drain field can produce these symptoms.
• What you can do:
  • Do not pump or "treat" the system with chemicals without professional advice.
  • Have a licensed contractor inspect the tank, baffles, and venting to identify blockages or damage.
  • Ensure the plumbing vent stack is clear and functioning.
• When to call a pro: odors inside the home or repeated backups despite appropriate use.
• Resources: EPA septic system troubleshooting guide. https://www.epa.gov/septic

Maintenance, Inspections, and Local Regulations

• Regular maintenance matters: pumping every 3–5 years (or as recommended by your local pro), using septic-safe products, and keeping records.
• Local specifics: Lorraine homeowners should stay aware of any town or county code updates and permit requirements through the NYS DOH and DEC guidance.
• What you can do:
  • Schedule professional inspections regularly, especially after seasons of heavy use or extreme weather.
  • Use only approved products and avoid chemical cleaners that can disrupt beneficial bacteria.
  • Keep a simple map of where the system is located and never drive heavy equipment over the drain field.
• Resources: NYS DEC Onsite Wastewater Systems information. https://www.dec.ny.gov/permits/6368.html

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Local Oversight in Lorraine, NY

• In New York, septic system oversight is managed at the local level. Your town or county typically issues permits, conducts inspections, and enforces design and setback rules. Lorraine's exact requirements depend on your town code and the county health department that serves you.
• What to do first:
  • Contact your Town Clerk or Code Enforcement office to confirm who issues septic permits.
  • If you're planning work, schedule a pre-design site evaluation with a qualified professional to assess soil, groundwater, and lot constraints.
• Be ready with:
  • Parcel map or plot plan, property address, and any known location of the existing system.
• Expect timelines:
  • Permit review and approval can take 2–8 weeks or more, based on project complexity and workload.

Permits You May Need

• New or replacement systems: a permit for design and installation, sometimes separate permits for soil evaluation or engineered plans.
• Repairs or relocations: a permit may be required for substantial repairs or moving components.
• Abandonment or closure of an old system: permitting and inspections can apply.
• Property transfers: some towns require a septic inspection as part of a real estate transaction; verify with the local clerk or assessor.
• Design and installation standards: plans should reflect local code and NYSDOH guidance.

The Permit Process (Steps)

1. Identify the permit authority (town or county health/building department).
2. Engage a designer or installer familiar with Lorraine's local rules (if your town requires a licensed professional).
3. Prepare and submit a complete package: site plan, system design, soil data, and the permit application.
4. Pay applicable fees and schedule inspections at key milestones (after trenching, tank placement, backfill, and final install).
5. Complete construction and pass the final inspection to obtain permit closure; preserve the as-built drawings and certification.

Inspections & Testing

• Pre-construction: soil evaluations and percolation tests conducted by or under supervision of a qualified professional.
• During installation: inspections at critical milestones (tank placement, baffles/seals, trench backfill, and backflow protection as required).
• Post-construction: final inspection and approval; ensure as-built drawings are submitted to the issuing authority.
• Operation and maintenance records: maintain pump-out and service records; these may be requested for future permits or transfers.
• Note: Some inspections may require dye tests or other field verifications if your local authority deems them necessary.

When Selling or Transferring Property

• Check if Lorraine or your county requires a pre-sale septic inspection as part of the Real Property Transfer process.
• Prepare and maintain:
  • Recent pump-out receipts, maintenance logs, and the system's as-built drawings.
  • Any repair or upgrade permits and compliance certificates.
• If issues are found, plan repairs or upgrades before listing; a clean inspection can ease closing.

How to Track Your System and Stay Compliant

• Create a maintenance calendar:
  • Schedule regular pump-outs and system check-ups per your system type and usage.
• Keep records handy:
  • Copies of permits, inspection reports, design plans, and service receipts.
• Stay informed:
  • Review Lorraine's town codes and any county health department updates; rules can change and may affect upcoming projects.
• When in doubt, ask early:
  • If a permit, inspection, or design requirement isn't clear, contact the local authority before starting work; missteps can lead to fines or required corrective work.

Helpful Official Resources

• NYS Department of Health: Onsite Wastewater (septic) guidance and state program information.
• U.S. EPA: Septic Systems information for homeowners, designers, and inspectors. https://www.epa.gov/septic
• Local authority reminders:
  • Your town's official website or the Town Clerk/Code Enforcement office is the go-to for specific Lorraine requirements.
  • Your county health department can provide guidelines, inspection schedules, and contact information for permits and approvals.

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Lorraine

Lorraine climate and soils: what it means for your system

Lorraine's rural landscape and cold winters create frost heave and seasonal groundwater fluctuations that can stress septic soils. Soils in parts of Lorraine may range from compacted clay to sandy loam, and freezing temperatures slow down drainage in winter. All of this means that regular maintenance, careful water use, and protecting the drainfield are even more important here than in milder areas. Keep the drainfield on higher, well-drained ground whenever possible, and avoid placing structures or heavy equipment on the absorption area.

Regular maintenance checklist

• Inspect annually for signs of trouble: strong odors, surface staining, soggy areas, or lush, unusually green grass over the drainfield.
• Schedule professional inspections every year or two, especially if you notice anything off, and pump accordingly (see pumping cadence below).
• Use only septic-safe products. Avoid caustic cleaners, solvents, paint thinners, and large amounts of bleach or pesticides that can impact beneficial bacteria.
• Limit solids: minimize kitchen waste that doesn't break down easily; consider using a garbage disposal sparingly, as it adds solids to the tank.
• Divert surface runoff and roof drainage away from the septic system. Water clogging the drainfield dramatically reduces its effectiveness.
• Keep the area around the tank and access lids clear of vehicles, heavy equipment, and landscaping that could compact soil or damage lids.
• Maintain a written record: date of inspections, pumping, and any repairs. This helps anticipate future needs and aligns with Lorraine's variable soil moisture.

Pumping and inspection cadence for Lorraine homes

• 2–3 years is a common pumping interval for typical households in Lorraine, but it can be shorter with more occupants or frequent use of the garbage disposal.
• If you notice slow drains, gurgling sounds, or damp, sultry patches above the drainfield, contact a licensed septic professional promptly, even if you're within the typical interval.
• Before pumping, have a licensed septic contractor locate and expose the tank lids, measure sludge and scum layers, and inspect baffles or tees. This helps determine if more frequent pumping or repairs are needed.
• Keep a system log: dates of inspections, pumping, and any repairs, plus a rough estimate of tank size and number of occupants.

Water-use habits that protect Lorraine drainfields

• Spread out high-water activities: run several smaller loads of laundry rather than one large load; fix leaks promptly.
• Use high-efficiency fixtures and full loads to minimize wastewater volume.
• Be mindful of what goes down the drain: pill bottles, wipes (even "flushable" ones), feminine hygiene products, fats, oils, and grease should go to trash, not the septic.
• Consider a low-flow toilet retrofit and a properly sized irrigation system that does not discharge into the septic system.

Winter and seasonal considerations in Lorraine

• Frozen or snow-covered soil slows drainage; keep the drainfield area clear of snow piles and avoid parking or driving over it during winter.
• If your property is vacant during cold months, consider winterizing or arranging for periodic checks to prevent freezing or thawing damage.
• Ensure access lids and risers remain visible and accessible for inspections during winter months.

Warning signs and what to do

• Signs: persistent odors, wet or lush patches over the drainfield, surfacing effluent, slow drains, or backups in sinks and toilets.
• Action: call a licensed septic professional for an inspection and pumping if needed. Do not attempt DIY repairs on a septic tank or drainfield—failure can be dangerous and costly.
• If you suspect a severe failure, contact your local public health authority for guidance and to check any local regulations in Lorraine.

Local official resources

• New York State Department of Health – Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS) program:
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Septic systems information: https://www.epa.gov/septic
• Jefferson County Health Department (official destination for environmental health in the area): https://co.jefferson.ny.us/

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Lorraine

Septic Tank Pumping and Cleaning

• What the service includes: removing accumulated sludge and scum, cleaning tank lids, inspecting baffles, measuring the sludge depth, and ensuring the tank is ready to resume service. Licensed facilities dispose of the pumped waste.
• Lorraine specifics: many homes in Lorraine have older tanks (1,000–1,500 gallons) and challenging access from rural roads; plan to pump before winter or during shoulder seasons when ground is workable. If two tanks exist or access is tight, cost can rise.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: 350–700 for a standard single-tank pump; 700–1,000+ if you have two tanks, larger tanks, or difficult access.
• Prep steps: locate access covers, clear the path for equipment, curb water usage the day of service, and notify residents of any temporary wastewater restrictions.
• Official resources:

System Inspections and Diagnostic Assessments

• What the service includes: visual inspection of the tank, pumps, and distribution components; dye testing if needed; camera inspection of pipes; sludge-depth measurements; drain-field assessment.
• Lorraine specifics: older systems may have corroded components or degraded connections; winter access can be limited, making scheduling important; inspections are often required for real estate transactions.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: 150–300 for basic visuals; 300–600 for a full diagnostic with camera and dye testing.
• Prep steps: gather any prior maintenance records, identify cleanouts, and ensure pets and children stay clear of test areas if dye testing is used.
• Official resources:

Drain Field Repair and Replacement

• What the service includes: diagnosing failure in the drain field, repairing or replacing damaged laterals or trenches, soil amendments, and sometimes upgrading to a mound or pressure-dose system if soils are poor.
• Lorraine specifics: soils in Lorraine can be heavy clay or high water tables, which may necessitate alternative designs and longer permitting; contractor coordination with the Jefferson County Health Department is common.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: repairs 3,000–8,000; full drain-field replacement 8,000–25,000; mound or enhanced-system upgrades 15,000–35,000+.
• Prep steps: obtain any nearby excavation permits, confirm property setbacks, and budget for potential permit fees.
• Official resources: https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/sewage_disposal/

Perc Tests and Soil Evaluations (Feasibility for New or Expanded Systems)

• What the service includes: soil borings or probing, percolation tests, and analysis to determine absorption capacity and system design requirements.
• Lorraine specifics: Lake-effect soils and variable groundwater influence design choices; results guide whether a conventional septic, mound, or alternative system is needed.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: 400–1,200.
• Prep steps: ensure access to the proposed test area and clear any surface obstructions; results are used for permits and system design.
• Official resources: https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/31286.html

New Septic System Installation or System Replacement

• What the service includes: site evaluation, system design, permitting, excavation, tank installation, pipe and drain-field placement, and final system test; coordination with local health departments.
• Lorraine specifics: many properties require mound or alternative systems due to soil conditions; permit timelines and seasonal restrictions can affect start dates.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: conventional system 10,000–20,000; mound or advanced systems 20,000–40,000+; total varies with site and material choices.
• Prep steps: obtain necessary zoning and health department permits, plan for nearby wells and setbacks, and budget for long installation windows.
• Official resources: https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/sewage_disposal/; https://www.epa.gov/septic

Routine Septic System Maintenance Plans

• What the service includes: annual checkups, filter cleaning (if applicable), effluent verification, recommended pump intervals, and recommendations to protect the drain-field.
• Lorraine specifics: aging systems in the area benefit from proactive maintenance to avoid costly failures; scheduling around winter weather helps keep predictions accurate.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: 120–350 per year, depending on service level and whether optional components (filters, alarms) are included.
• Prep steps: keep a running record of pump dates and system alerts; designate a primary contact for maintenance.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Emergency Septic Services (Backups, Clogs, Alarm Issues)

• What the service includes: rapid response to backups, jetting or snaking of lines, alarm repair or replacement, and temporary containment if needed.
• Lorraine specifics: remote location and winter road conditions can affect response times; after-hours rates often apply.
• Typical cost in Lorraine: 200–650 for typical emergency calls, plus any diagnostic or repair work; after-hours rates vary by contractor.
• Prep steps: identify shutoff points, keep access to the septic area clear, and have contact details handy for after-hours service.
• Official resources: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Notes on permits and costs: permit fees from local health departments (often in the low hundreds) are not always included in contractor price quotes and can affect your total project budget. Check with the Jefferson County Health Department for the most current requirements and fees. Links above to NYSDOH and NYS DEC provide official guidelines that apply statewide, including Lorraine.