Last updated: Apr 26, 2026
Predominant soils in Scandia are glacial till-derived loams and silt loams, but clay pockets can appear on individual lots and sharply change percolation behavior. That means two neighboring properties can behave very differently under a single drain field design. A loam-dominated site may accept a conventional or gravity trench with ample space, while a clay pocket can slow percolation, reduce drainage efficiency, or create perched water that muddies the mound design when the system would otherwise seem suitable. On these grounds, the exact soil map and a careful field test are not luxuries-they are prerequisites for any rational layout.
Seasonal groundwater commonly rises in spring and after heavy precipitation, with greater concern on properties influenced by the St. Croix river valley and lower-lying areas. When the water table comes up, infiltrative capacity drops and effluent travel can slow or back up. In practical terms, that means a design that worked last year might perform poorly during a wet spring or after a heavy rainfall event. A permissive sand-and-gravel site can become marginal if the groundwater seasonally intrudes into the rooting zone of the leach field, reducing treatment and dispersal effectiveness. This is not merely theoretical-seasonal swings drive real differences in how much of the field remains usable each year.
These site conditions are why some Scandia parcels can support conventional or gravity trenches while nearby lots require raised or mound-style dispersal and larger field layouts. The critical task is to translate soil texture, depth to groundwater, and slope into a feasible dispersion strategy before installation begins. If a clay pocket or perched layer sits within several feet of the surface, the soil's ability to drain effluent drops markedly, and a traditional gravity field may become overcrowded or fail to meet long-term performance expectations. Conversely, a loam with good drainage and a stable groundwater regime often tolerates conventional layouts without elevated features.
Before any trench layout is approved, expect thorough soil exploration: deep auger tests, percolation tests, and groundwater monitoring across seasons. Scandia's mixed loam-and-clay soils require interpreting multiple data points rather than relying on a single test. Look for indications of perched water, slow infiltration, or highly variable porosity within a single lot. If a test reveals rapid infiltration in one section and persistent dampness in another, the design should reflect that heterogeneity rather than forcing a single-field solution across the entire parcel.
A system sited on a property with favorable soils and a stable groundwater profile can perform with a conventional or gravity layout, but those advantages can vanish with a late-winter thaw or a spring flood. Systems placed on sites with clay pockets or rising groundwater should anticipate higher probability of mound or pressure-dosed configurations and larger field footprints to achieve reliable treatment and dispersal. The consequence of underestimating these dynamics is not merely reduced performance; it can mean more frequent maintenance, more sensitive performance during wet periods, and a greater risk of surface effluent if the field becomes saturated.
When evaluating a parcel, start with a cautious, data-backed assessment of both soil texture and groundwater behavior across seasons. If the site shows strong drainage and a deep, well-defined unsaturated zone, a conventional approach may be feasible and durable. If not, plan for a raised or mound-style design or a pressure-distributed layout that accommodates soil variability and seasonal swings. The goal is a system that remains effective through spring closures and wet years, rather than one that performs well only under ideal conditions.
Conventional and gravity-based septic systems work best on Scandia lots where the soils are well to moderately well drained and vertical separation to groundwater can be maintained. In practice, that means surveys show a suitable unsaturated fill depth and a clear, unbroken soil profile that allows effluent to travel downward and outward without backing up into the drain field. When siting a conventional or gravity field, look for permeable loams with limited clay pockets in the trench area, and confirm that seasonal groundwater rise does not encroach within the required setback. If these conditions hold across the proposed drain field footprint, you can often achieve a straightforward install with fewer moving parts and simpler maintenance compared to more engineered options. In Scandia, that translates to choosing a trench layout that fits the site sloping, with careful fill management to preserve vertical separation after installation.
In sites where the soil shows slower percolation, pronounced clay influence, or seasonal saturation near the St. Croix valley, a standard trench may not perform reliably. Mound systems become more relevant when the native soil cannot accept effluent within the required percolation window or when the seasonal water table rises into the treatment area for part of the year. Pressure distribution systems, which deliver effluent more evenly to a larger area of the drain field, are another option when soil variability or shallow bedrock limits conventional gravity performance. For properties experiencing intermittent standing water or tighter soil pockets, a designed mound or pressure-dosed layout tends to maintain effluent treatment while reducing the risk of groundwater contamination during wet seasons. The decision hinges on soil tests showing capacity across the season and a field layout that can accommodate the raised mound or evenly spaced dosing lines without compromising access or future maintenance.
Aerobic treatment units (ATUs) enter the local mix when site constraints exceed the capabilities of gravity-based systems. An ATU provides additional treatment steps before effluent reaches the drain field, which can allow a smaller or differently configured field on marginal soils. In Scandia, ATUs are a viable path when soil permeability is uneven, when the water table rises quickly, or when a traditional trench would otherwise fail to meet seasonal performance goals. ATUs add mechanical components and require more routine maintenance and inspections, but they expand your options on restricted lots. If a compact or alternative field is needed, an ATU can be paired with a standard drain field or with a pressure distribution layout to maximize performance while staying within site constraints.
The practical path starts with a thorough site assessment that accounts for soil texture variation, clay pockets, and the seasonal water-table rhythm near the St. Croix valley. If percolation tests show reliable flow in the target trench area, a conventional or gravity system remains the simplest, most economical option with robust long-term performance. When tests indicate slower drainage, clay-influenced zones, or seasonal saturation intruding into the proposed drain field, plan for a mound or pressure distribution solution that can maintain treatment efficiency through wet periods. If the site is particularly tight or soils are notably restrictive, consider an ATU to broaden the viable field configurations while maintaining acceptable effluent quality. In all cases, soil moisture dynamics across spring and late winter should drive the design choice to ensure the system stays within performance envelopes throughout the year.
In this area, septic approvals are governed by Washington County Public Health and Environment through its On-Site Wastewater Program rather than a standalone city septic office. That distinction matters for how plans are prepared, submitted, and tracked through the permitting process. The county program focuses on protecting groundwater and surface water, which is especially relevant in properties with mixed loams and clay pockets or areas near the St. Croix valley where seasonal groundwater can rise. Before any installation can begin, the county review team will evaluate site characteristics, lot constraints, and the proposed system's design against county standards and state guidelines.
New systems require submittal of a designed plan by a licensed professional prior to permit issuance. The plan should clearly address soil conditions, groundwater considerations, drainage patterns, and the proposed wastewater treatment method and drain-field layout. In Scandia, where glacial till loams and spring water-table swings are common, the design must demonstrate adequate separation distances from wells, streams, and property lines, as well as appropriate setback distances for any mound, pressure-dosed, or conventional gravity configurations. The licensed professional should include field notes on soil tests, percolation rates, and any seasonal high-water indicators that could affect performance. The plan reviewer will check that the proposed design aligns with county criteria and with local site realities, including potential limitations imposed by clay pockets that influence infiltration. After approval, the county issues the actual permit before work can start.
Installation is typically inspected in stages to verify that the work matches the approved design and complies with setback requirements and soil conditions. Excavation inspection confirms the initial trenching and excavation geometry, depth, and alignment with setback lines. Trenching inspection follows to ensure trenches are properly placed relative to structures, wells, and property boundaries, and to confirm backfill materials and methods meet county specifications. A backfill inspection ensures the trenches are filled and compacted according to plan, preventing subsidence or poor drainage that could compromise the system. The final approval stage verifies that the system is installed per the approved design and that all components are accessible for future maintenance. Setback verification is a notable local compliance quirk: inspectors confirm that distances to wells, streams, and property lines match the plan, and any deviations must be addressed prior to final approval. As-built documentation is required to reflect actual component locations, depths, and elevations, providing an accurate record for future maintenance and potential upgrades. This as-built record is retained by the county and may be referenced if a property is later sold or if system performance questions arise.
Setback verification is not a mere formality; it ensures that the installed system maintains required separations from wells, watercourses, and neighboring parcels. If discrepancies appear between the plan and the as-built installation, corrective steps or redesigns may be needed before the county grants final approval. As-built documentation should precisely reflect where trenches, mounds, or dosing components sit in relation to observed site features, including the exact depths and distances. Keeping these documents accurate on the day of completion helps prevent delays at final inspection and supports long-term performance, especially on properties with spring groundwater swings or variable soil textures.
On properties in Scandia, engage a licensed professional with experience in local soil realities and groundwater timing. Early planning that accounts for seasonal water-table fluctuations and loam-clay variability improves the likelihood of a smoother permit review. When preparing for inspections, organize records and access to the site to facilitate measurement and verification tasks, and maintain clear communication with the county reviewer about any site features that could affect setback calculations. If you anticipate potential deviations due to soil pockets or perched water, address them proactively in the plan to avoid costly redesigns during the approval process.
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Cedar Septic & Sewer
(763) 218-1397 www.cedarsepticandsewer.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 360 reviews
Northside Septic Service
(763) 444-7898 www.northsidesepticservice.com
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Kloeppner Services & Design
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5.0 from 30 reviews
Cold winters and pronounced spring runoff create a shorter practical window for septic installation and major field work in Scandia. When soils are frozen or snow-covered, boreholes, trenching, and field testing stall, and every delay compresses the time available before wet-season precipitation returns. The mix of glacial till loams and clay pockets means some lots won't moderate quickly, so the window can close unusually fast. In practice, every late-wall snow melt or stubborn frost can push critical steps into a few calmer weeks, forcing crews to sprint through design confirmation, material staging, and inspections before ground finally refreezes and the ground loses its bearing.
Spring thaw and heavy rains can saturate local soils and slow drain-field acceptance, especially on lots already limited by clay pockets or moderate groundwater. Groundwater rises near the St. Croix valley, and clay zones trap moisture, making traditional gravity fields or shallow placements unworkable after heavy precipitation. A marginal site may shift from feasible to non-feasible in a single thaw cycle. If the field design relies on mound or pressure-dosed layouts, the timing pressure is even sharper, because soil moisture must recede enough to support proper loading without compromising stability or function.
Frozen ground and snow cover can delay excavation, pumping access, and inspections, making scheduling more difficult than in milder parts of the country. Start planning inspections and site evaluation well before the thaw begins, and lock in a reliable crew with winter-to-spring availability. If a soil test indicates borderline suitability, prepare for a rapid decision path toward an alternative design and reserve early-start options to avoid a push of delays as thaw accelerates. In narrow windows, decisive coordination between homeowner, designer, and contractor becomes the critical safeguard against winter-to-spring lag.
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Cedar Septic & Sewer
(763) 218-1397 www.cedarsepticandsewer.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 360 reviews
Raska Sewer Service
(715) 755-4888 www.raskasewerservice.com
Serving Washington County
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In Scandia, soil and seasonal groundwater swings drive the practical choice between conventional and engineered drain fields. Mixed loam with clay pockets plus a rising spring groundwater table near the St. Croix valley means some sites can still support a conventional system, while others will push toward mound or pressure-dosed designs. This local context is the primary driver of installed cost and long-term performance.
Conventional and gravity systems remain common on adequately drained parcels with limited clay intrusion and stable water tables. Typical local installation ranges are $8,000-$18,000 for conventional, and $9,000-$18,000 for gravity. On these sites, the trench layout is straightforward, and the drain field footprint can often fit within standard setback boundaries without special materials. If inspection reveals consistent, dry summers and minimal seasonal saturation, a gravity or conventional setup can still offer reliable service at the lower end of the cost spectrum.
When soils exhibit clay pockets or higher groundwater fluctuations, Scandia projects frequently require more robust design. Mound systems, designed to place the effluent above wet soils and perched water, commonly land in the $18,000-$40,000 range. Pressure distribution systems, which help spread flow evenly across challenging soil zones, typically run $12,000-$26,000. Both options benefit from careful site interpretation and sometimes additional engineering, but they provide more reliable performance where a standard trench would struggle during spring thaws or wet seasons.
Aerobic treatment units (ATUs) offer another path when soil conditions limit conventional field performance. ATU installations generally fall in the $16,000-$40,000 range, providing enhanced treatment and flexibility in marginal soils or tight layouts. On lots with complex setbacks or proximity to seasonal wetness, an ATU paired with a properly sized drain field can be a practical compromise, albeit with higher upfront costs.
Costs rise on Scandia lots where clay pockets, seasonal wetness, or setback verification issues force engineered layouts, imported mound materials, pressure components, or tighter installation timing during short workable seasons. Regardless of system type, anticipate some seasonal scheduling sensitivity and the need for precise site evaluation to choose the most durable, long-term solution. Typical pumping costs remain in the $250-$500 range per service.
Ultimate Drain Services
(651) 451-6001 www.ultimatedrainservices.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 557 reviews
Ultimate Drain Services provides professional drain solutions in South Saint Paul. As experienced drain cleaning contractors, we handle drain clearing, plugged drain repair, plumbing drain cleaning, and sewer drain cleaning for residential and commercial properties. Our services include hydro jetting, camera inspections, root removal, grease trap cleaning, and preventive maintenance to keep systems flowing efficiently. Clients choose us for rapid response times, accurate diagnostics, transparent pricing, and thorough workmanship. We focus on long-term solutions that prevent recurring issues and protect your plumbing system. Contact us today to schedule expert drain service.
Cedar Septic & Sewer
(763) 218-1397 www.cedarsepticandsewer.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 360 reviews
Cedar Septic and Sewer is a family owned and operated business. Call us to schedule your septic maintenance today!
Northern Plumbing & Softening
(763) 274-1476 www.northernh2o.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 84 reviews
From leaky faucets to clogged drains, plumbing issues can arise in your home at a moment’s notice. When the unexpected strikes, reach out to the reputable plumbers at Northern Plumbing & Softening in the Twin Cities metro area with more than 50 years of experience.
Raska Sewer Service
(715) 755-4888 www.raskasewerservice.com
Serving Washington County
4.7 from 42 reviews
Raska Sewer Service, owned by Keith Raska has been in business since 1999. Servicing Burnett, Polk and St Croix Wisconsin county's. Providing septic and sewer pumping, and portable toilet rental services.
Capra's Utilities
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 42 reviews
Capras Utilities, Inc is a third generation, family-owned business located in White Bear Lake that specializes in sewer, water and septic installation and repairs. We service the east metro area of the Twin Cities.
Drain King
Serving Washington County
4.6 from 37 reviews
Commercial & Residential Drain Cleaning Experts! Established in 1992, Drain King proudly serves Minnesota with professional drain and sewer cleaning for homes and businesses. Our licensed team provides 24-hour emergency service using advanced camera and jetting technology. Services include grease trap pumping, septic pumping, stormwater inspections and cleaning, manhole cleaning, carwash sand tank and flammable waste trap cleaning, car wash pumping, frozen line thawing, and parking lot drain maintenance. We even design and build custom equipment to handle the toughest industrial and landfill drain challenges. Experience fast, reliable results from Minnesota’s trusted drain specialists!
McDonough's - Drain Cleaning Blaine MN
(651) 436-3370 www.unclogdrains.com
Serving Washington County
4.5 from 36 reviews
Unclogdrains McDonough Sewer, Drain, Water Jetting and Vac Trucks. Family owned. Started in St. Paul in 1992. We clean and unclog all drains big and small 24 hours a day 7 days a week. We also manage preventative maintenance plans. We have a dedicated office staff. They are ready to take your call, answer your questions and schedule your jobs efficiently and fast. These top notch professionals are also trained to manage a preventative maintenance schedule for your Commercial, Industrial or Multi Housing property. And of course they answer the phone 24 Hours a day for those Emergencies that happen at the worst time. Call today to learn how McDonough’s can help you!
Kloeppner Services & Design
Serving Washington County
5.0 from 30 reviews
Kloeppner Services & Design is a septic service business focused on septic designs, compliance inspections and evaluations for homes and businesses in Minnesota. Located in the Twin Cities Metro-Area, we partner with excavation, sewer, septic maintenance and inspection companies throughout the state. Jesse Kloeppner is an experienced Licensed Septic Designer and industry professional since 2004. He has had the opportunity to serve customers throughout the country gaining industry-leading knowledge and expertise. He is committed to helping protect our water, environment and neighbors with unique septic systems and technologies.
Smilie's Sewer Service
(651) 433-3005 www.smiliessewer.com
, Scandia, Minnesota
4.4 from 27 reviews
We offer residential and commercial septic tank, holding tank, and repair maintenance services to the greater Twin Cities metro area and surrounding cities outside of the metro area. A clean system, operating at peak performance offers peace of mind to you, your family or business. Our promise to you is that we will deliver quality service, education on your system and cost effective service and repairs.
Ross' Sewer Service
(651) 674-4349 rosssewerservice.com
Serving Washington County
4.8 from 23 reviews
Since 1987, Ross' Sewer Service has been providing the Isandti, Chisago, Washington, South Pine, and Anoka Counties with quality septic service. As a family-owned and -operated business, we take great pride in offering our clients a high level of customer satisfaction. We're proud to offer dependable, reliable, and prompt service septic services including pumping, drain cleaning, line thawing, compliance inspections, lift pump installations, and more! We're fully licensed, bonded, and insured, and for your convenience, we're available 24/7 for emergency services. Call with questions and to schedule our services!
Hassle Free Septic
Serving Washington County
5.0 from 20 reviews
Hassle Free Septic is currently serving Chisago County, and parts of Isanti, Anoka, and Washington County areas with the lowest prices around for septic pumping, septic maintenance, septic repair and drain cleaning. At Hassle Free Septic we are available for Same Day Service and Weekend Service. We have very affordable pricing and will answer your calls or promptly return a message. We promise to leave your house and yard as clean as we found it. An average septic tank needs to be pumped every two or three years. Please don’t wait until you have a $10,000 to $25,000 problem! Plan to get it pumped today! Call Hassle Free Septic for a free estimate or to schedule an appointment today!
Bell Excavating
(651) 439-6375 bellsewerwater.com
Serving Washington County
5.0 from 17 reviews
Bell Excavating,INC. Your One-Stop Shop for Commercial and Residential Excavation, Sewer, Water and Septic System Services Quality excavation creates the right foundation for any project – Bell Excavating brings experience, precision and quality craftsmanship to every project we do. We are a family-owned and operated business, specializing in Excavation, Sewer, Water, and Septic Systems both residential and commercial sites. We have the equipment and the expertise to handle any size project – whether it’s installing a Septic System, Sewer or Water Line, Excavating for your residential or commercial project, or simply repairing and maintaining what’s already in place. We’re so sure that you’ll be sat
A roughly 3-year pumping interval is the local recommendation baseline, with typical pumping costs around $250-$500. This cadence aligns with Scandia's mixed loam-and-clay soils and seasonal groundwater swings, helping to keep the drain field in safer operating condition between service visits. The interval is a practical target when no major system alarms or unusual drainage symptoms are present.
In Scandia, pumping plans must account for spring soil saturation and runoff, which can push the soil profile toward saturation earlier in the season. During late winter and early spring, the ground can hold more moisture, and rising groundwater near the St. Croix valley increases pressure on the drain field. This means you should anticipate longer recovery times after the spring peak and schedule a proactive inspection or pump if you notice reduced infiltration capacity or surface dampness that lingers into early summer.
Systems with pumps, pressure distribution, mounds, or ATUs need closer operational attention than simple gravity systems because local wet-season conditions can expose float, pump, and dosing problems. For those configurations, align pump cycles and service calls with the local spring and early summer moisture pattern. Expect more frequent checks if the system shows any signs of pump cycling irregularity, dosing delays, or reduced distribution uniformity after wet spells.
If effluent appears at the surface during or after a wet spell, or if the pump runs more frequently than expected, adjust the maintenance schedule upward. Conversely, a dry season with prolonged drought can allow longer intervals, but keep an eye on internal tank integrity and alarm indicators. In any case, use the seasonal pattern as a guide to pre-schedule service before the hottest or wettest periods, rather than reacting after problems arise.
Coordinate with the local service provider to establish a three-year baseline, then build in pre-spring and post-spring check-ins to accommodate soil conditions. Maintain a simple log of pump dates, observed performance, and any unusual system noises or odors. When spring soil saturation lingers or runoff intensifies, consider advancing the next service window to head off potential stress on the drain field.
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Cedar Septic & Sewer
(763) 218-1397 www.cedarsepticandsewer.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 360 reviews
On parcels scattered across rural Scandia, aging septic tanks and components are a common real-world constraint. You may encounter a higher likelihood of tank replacement than you'd expect in newer developments, because years of use wear down baffles, seals, and life expectancy margins. Drain-field wear shows up as slower drainage, unexpected backups, or you notice standing water or damp spots near the beds after wet seasons. The mix of loam and clay soils, with seasonal groundwater swings, accelerates the wear pattern on buried components. Expect that a system designed decades ago can't perform on today's household loads without proactive replacement or upgrading.
Drain-field replacement is an active service category, reflecting long-term soil saturation and variable soils that stress the original design. When field performance declines, a mound or pressure-dosed solution may become the practical path, especially on parcels with limited upward-space or perched water. You may see signs such as recurring effluent surfacing, foul odors near the field, or unusually high moisture in the soil around the absorption area after rain. Recognize that replacement decisions are highly sensitive to seasonal groundwater movements, which are a hallmark of the St. Croix valley influence on your property.
Diagnostic work in this area tends toward targeted camera inspections and hydro-jetting rather than a full-scale sewer-line program. Cameras help identify collapsed, root-damaged, or offset lines, while hydro-jetting clears blockages and reveals flow issues. This approach aligns with the local mix of older tanks and worn fields, allowing precise location and timing of repairs without sweeping, intrusive work. If a problem is confined to a particular section, isolating and addressing that segment often preserves more of the existing system.
Keep an eye on unusual wastewater odors, slow drains, and damp spots near the absorption area, especially after a wet spring or early summer. If you notice repeated symptoms across multiple seasons, arrange a diagnostic visit to assess tank integrity, drainage field performance, and any shifting soil conditions. Early intervention can prevent more extensive failures and keep a rural property functioning without resorting to high-cost complete overhauls.
These companies have been well reviewed for their work on septic tank replacements.
In Scandia, there is no universal required septic inspection triggered by a property sale based on local data. However, real-estate and compliance inspections are active service types, and buyers commonly seek a septic condition verification as part of due diligence. A seller's disclosure or a third-party evaluation often accompanies a sale, helping both sides understand the system's current state.
When evaluating a property with mixed loam-and-clay soils and seasonal groundwater swings, a focused septic check should address how site conditions could affect performance now and into the future. Inspectors in this area frequently review soil texture, depth to groundwater, and the presence of any perched water near the drain field zone. Even if the system currently operates, adverse soil conditions or rising spring water tables can signal potential design or maintenance needs down the line.
Because Washington County permitting emphasizes documentation and final approval, records such as prior permits and as-builts can matter during transactions. Access to installation reports, repair histories, and pump-out records helps determine whether a system has been appropriately sized and whether past work aligns with site realities. If prior permits exist, verify that final approvals match the actual installation and any later modifications.
For buyers and sellers in Scandia, coordinating with a septic evaluator who understands local soil patterns and seasonal water-table dynamics is essential. In practice, a condition review often includes a field assessment of the drain field layout, verification of pump and filter components if present, and a check for any past corrective actions. This approach supports informed negotiations and smoother post-sale stewardship of the system.
These companies have been well reviewed their work doing septic inspections for home sales.
Cedar Septic & Sewer
(763) 218-1397 www.cedarsepticandsewer.com
Serving Washington County
4.9 from 360 reviews
Northside Septic Service
(763) 444-7898 www.northsidesepticservice.com
Serving Washington County
4.5 from 32 reviews
In this market, you will notice a strong demand for quick response and same-day service for septic issues, especially when spring groundwater swings push a system toward pumping or urgent repairs. Homeowners expect a contractor to pick up the phone, arrive promptly, and scope the problem without unnecessary delay. When a call involves pumping, the provider should outline the service plan, finish the job efficiently, and leave the site tidy with no leftover mess. In practice, you'll value a crew that can triage a backup, schedule a pump, and stay reachable for follow-up if a stubborn issue reappears.
Scandia-area homeowners prefer explanations that translate soil reality into practical options. Expect a trusted technician to describe how mixed loam and clay pockets, plus seasonal spring rise in the water table, affect drainage performance. The right candidate will walk you through whether a conventional drain field could work or if a mound or pressure-dosed design is necessary, based on soil tests, percolation rates, and groundwater clues. After the visit, you should receive a straight-forward written assessment that identifies the root cause, discusses implications for future use, and avoids overselling a more complex system than needed.
The market includes many long-established, family-owned operators, so familiarity and local field experience matter. Prospects look for crews who know the local terrain, past performance with similar properties, and how seasonal conditions influence installation choices here. Trust grows when a contractor explains what to expect during and after service, shares practical maintenance tips, and keeps cleanup included in the work. A strong relationship hinges on consistent communication, reliable scheduling, and a willingness to stand behind the work with follow-up care.