Septic in Hardee County, FL

Last updated: Mar 21, 2026

Welcome to Hardee County, where citrus groves meet quiet neighborhoods and many homes still run on septic instead of city sewer. If you're new to the area or thinking about buying here, you'll notice that septic systems are a common, practical part of everyday life for many households.

Is septic common in Hardee County? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home?

Yes. Septic systems are widespread in Hardee County, especially on rural parcels and homes built before municipal sewer service reached every area. If you own or are purchasing a home, expect a septic system to be part of the property unless it's connected to a public sewer line. Always check the seller's disclosure and schedule a professional septic inspection as part of any home purchase to understand the system's condition and maintenance needs.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Hardee County

  • Rural development and dispersed lots: Many parcels are spread out, making centralized sewer less practical and cost-effective.
  • Extending sewer lines isn't always feasible: Building and maintaining long sewer mains to reach every property isn't cheap, especially in agricultural and low-density areas.
  • Soil and groundwater considerations: On-site treatment is often the most sensible option where soils and drainage patterns support well-maintained leach fields when designed and cared for properly.
  • Protecting wells and local water resources: Septic systems that are correctly sized and maintained help safeguard groundwater that supplies private wells and nearby springs and streams.

County growth history and how that has impacted septic coverage

Hardee County's growth has followed a steady, rural pattern. Agriculture and small towns like Wauchula and Bowling Green anchor the area, with development expanding slowly along major corridors such as State Road 64 and US-17. This growth model means many homes remain on larger lots without public sewer, so septic systems continue to be the practical norm. As demand increases and land-use changes, you'll see more attention paid to replacing aging systems, upgrading to meet current codes, and ensuring proper maintenance to protect soil and water resources.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

In simple terms, septic exists here because the county was built around low-density, spread-out housing and practical on-site waste treatment. Public sewer expansion hasn't always kept pace with every property, and many soils here support effective septic design when systems are properly planned and maintained.

From here, you'll find practical guidance on maintenance, inspections, and best practices for keeping your Hardee County septic system in good shape.

How Septic Is Regulated in Hardee County

Who regulates septic systems in Hardee County

Septic systems in Hardee County are regulated through a combination of state and local oversight. State authorities set the design, installation, and maintenance standards, while the Hardee County Health Department typically handles permitting, inspections, and ongoing oversight for septic systems in the county (including unincorporated areas and, where applicable, certain municipal jurisdictions). The key state framework comes from Florida's onsite sewage rules, and county staff ensure those rules are applied locally.

  • Primary state framework: Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems rules govern system types, design standards, and minimum performance expectations.
  • Local implementation: Hardee County Health Department administers permits, conducts inspections during installation, and performs final approvals. They coordinate with licensed contractors and engineers to verify compliance.
  • Statewide protections: Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Department of Health provide overarching guidance on water quality protection, system performance, and updates to regulatory requirements.

Permitting process in Hardee County

Following the right steps helps ensure your system is legal, safe, and functional.

  1. Determine permit needs: If you're installing a new system or replacing an existing one, you'll typically need a permit from the Hardee County Health Department (or the appropriate local authority). Some projects may require design and soil evaluation by a licensed professional.
  2. Get a site evaluation: A certified professional will assess soil conditions, groundwater, and site constraints to determine the appropriate system type and size.
  3. Prepare plans and design: A registered engineer or designer creates system plans that meet Florida standards (standard systems, mound systems, mound alternatives, etc.).
  4. Submit and pay: Submit the permit application, plans, and any required fees to the Hardee County Health Department for review.
  5. Schedule inspections: Once a permit is issued, a licensed contractor installs the system. Inspections are conducted during key milestones (pre-construction, during installation, and final) to verify compliance and proper operation.

Design, site evaluation, and installation standards

  • All designs must meet Florida's onsite sewage rules and any county amendments.
  • Soil evaluation is required to determine percolation rates and suitable system type.
  • System selection should reflect lot size, usage, and groundwater proximity; alternative systems (such as mound or enhanced treatment options) may be required in challenging soils.
  • Materials and workmanship must conform to current code and manufacturer specifications; licensed professionals should supervise and document each step.

Inspections and final approvals

  • Pre-construction inspection confirms proposed location and setbacks.
  • During installation inspections verify trenching, piping, tank placement, and backfill meet code.
  • Final inspection confirms system operation, proper seals, and coverage, allowing permit closure and system release to service.

Maintenance and pumping expectations

  • Regular maintenance is essential for long-term performance and longevity.
  • A typical pumping schedule is every 3–5 years for residential systems, but actual frequency depends on tank size, household water use, and trash disposal habits.
  • Keep a maintenance log and receipts; use approved pumpers and follow any county-specific maintenance guidelines.
  • Protect the drainfield: limit heavy machinery on the area, manage roof runoff, and avoid planting trees directly over the system.

Special considerations for Hardee County residents

  • City vs. county jurisdictions: Some municipalities may have additional or different permitting steps. Check with the local building or health department if your property is within a city boundary.
  • Home sales and disclosures: When selling, buyers may request records of permits, inspections, and maintenance to confirm the system's condition and compliance.
  • Environmental protections: Be mindful of wells, springs, and drainage patterns. Local rules and state requirements emphasize protecting groundwater and surface water quality.

Official resources

Soil, Groundwater & Environmental Factors in Hardee County

Soil and drainage

  • Hardee County's soils are largely sandy with pockets of finer material. Sandy textures drain quickly, which can help a septic system absorb effluent, but can also transport liquid deeper or laterally faster if the drainfield isn't properly designed.
  • In some spots you'll find a shallow clay layer or limestone near the surface that slows drainage and changes percolation rates. Site-specific soil depth, texture, and the depth to bedrock are best understood with a local soil survey.
  • Use the NRCS Web Soil Survey to look up your exact soil type, texture, and hardness at your site:
  • USDA NRCS Web Soil Survey (Hardee County soil data): https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm
  • USGS Florida groundwater data (statewide context): https://waterdata.usgs.gov/fl/nwis

Typical Septic System Types in Hardee County

Conventional gravity septic systems

  • How they work: A buried septic tank provides primary treatment, and wastewater flows by gravity into a drain field of perforated pipes in shallow trenches. The soil absorbs and further treats the effluent.
  • When they're a good fit: Most standard residential lots with adequate, well-drained soil and enough space for a traditional drain field.
  • Pros: Simple design, generally lower upfront cost, easier routine maintenance.
  • Cons: Requires proper slope and soil absorption; performance can drop in very wet or highly compacted soil.
  • Tips: Have soils evaluated and confirm the site meets setback and separation requirements before installation. Official guidance: Florida DOH Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems resources.

Pressure distribution systems

  • How they work: A pump chamber pushes effluent under pressure through distributed lines so water reaches all parts of the drain field evenly.
  • When they're a good fit: Irregular lots, sloped sites, or soils with varying absorption rates where gravity alone wouldn't evenly irrigate the field.
  • Pros: More uniform distribution, can handle challenging sites.
  • Cons: More moving parts (pump, controls) mean higher maintenance and energy use.
  • Tips: Regularly service the pump and alarms; ensure a reliable power supply and a qualified installer for set-ups.

Mound systems

  • How they work: Built above-grade sandy media (a "mound") creates a buried, engineered drain field when native soils are too shallow, too wet, or poor in absorption.
  • When they're a good fit: Shallow bedrock, high water table, or soils that don't naturally support a drain field.
  • Pros: Expands where a conventional drain field can be placed.
  • Cons: More expensive to install and maintain; requires more space and careful grading.
  • Tips: Annual inspections and periodic filter/media maintenance are common with mound designs.

Sand filter systems

  • How they work: Treated wastewater from the septic tank first passes through a sand filter for additional treatment, then drains to a separate absorption area.
  • When they're a good fit: Soils with moderate permeability, or lots where extra treatment is desirable.
  • Pros: Higher level of treatment before discharge, good for marginal soils.
  • Cons: Requires maintenance of the filter media and sometimes more space.
  • Tips: Monitor for clogging or clog-related back-ups; follow manufacturer and local health department guidelines.

Chamber (gravel-less) drainfield systems

  • How they work: Instead of traditional gravel trenches, rigid plastic chambers create wide, shallow channels for effluent to spread.
  • When they're a good fit: Sites where traditional gravel beds aren't ideal or where lighter materials simplify installation.
  • Pros: Lighter, often faster installation; can be cost-effective with the right site.
  • Cons: Performance depends on proper design and soil conditions; repairs may require specialty components.
  • Tips: Use an installer with experience in gravel-less systems and confirm compatibility with local codes.

Aerobic treatment units (ATU) with drain field

  • How they work: An ATU provides higher-efficiency aerobic treatment before the effluent reaches the drain field, often followed by a drain field or spray/distribution system.
  • When they're a good fit: Poor soil, high-strength wastewater, or areas requiring higher effluent quality for groundwater protection.
  • Pros: Better effluent quality and more forgiving soils, potential for smaller drain fields.
  • Cons: Requires electricity, routine maintenance, and regular servicing of mechanical components.
  • Tips: Schedule regular maintenance with a licensed service provider; keep power and access panels clear.

Other site-adapted or specialty options

  • Evapotranspiration (ET) beds or other alternatives: Used in select situations where climate, soil, and site constraints align with approved designs.
  • Pros: Can solve specific site challenges without conventional drainage.
  • Cons: Not always available or permitted everywhere; higher complexity.
  • Tips: Check local approvals and design standards before planning an alternative system.

Learn more with official resources

Typical Septic Issues Across Hardee County

Common warning signs

  • Slow drains, gurgling pipes, and backups in sinks, tubs, or toilets.
  • Unpleasant sewage odors near the drain field or around the yard.
  • Wet, soggy patches or bright-green, lush growth over the drain field.
  • Frequent pumping of the tank or unexpectedly high water bills without changes in usage.

Local factors that strain septic systems here

  • Excess water use: long or multiple showers, full laundry loads, and frequent dishwasher cycles can push solids into the drain field.
  • Roots and landscaping: trees or shrubs planted over or near the drain field can intrude on pipes and reduce absorption.
  • Soil and drainage: Hardee soils are sandy and drain quickly; if the drain field isn't properly sized or maintained, heavy rainfall can saturate the area and slow absorption.
  • Rainy seasons and water table: persistent rain or high groundwater can overwhelm the system and cause backups.
  • System age and maintenance: older systems or those not pumped regularly are more prone to failure.

Quick maintenance that prevents most issues

  • Schedule pumping at regular intervals (commonly every 3-5 years, depending on tank size and household use).
  • Conserve water: fix leaks promptly, install efficient fixtures, and spread laundry over the week.
  • Limit what goes into the system: avoid flushing wipes (even "flushable"), diapers, condoms, feminine products, grease, cooking oils, solvents, and harsh chemicals.
  • Use septic-safe products in moderation; avoid caustic or acid drain cleaners.
  • Keep the drain field area clear: no heavy vehicles or construction over the field; plant only shallow-rooted vegetation nearby.

Step-by-step plan if you notice a problem

  1. Cut water use immediately; postpone nonessential laundry and long showers.
  2. Check for obvious leaks or running toilets and inspect any sump pump discharge if present.
  3. Look for damp spots, bad odors, or unusually green growth above the drain field.
  4. Call a licensed septic contractor or the local health department to arrange an inspection.
  5. If solids are high or backups occur, have the tank pumped and follow the pro's recommendations for repairs or replacement.

When to call a professional right away

  • Sewage backups inside the home or in the yard, persistent foul odors, or standing water near the drain field.
  • Recurrent issues despite basic maintenance, especially in systems older than 20–30 years.
  • You've received county notices or regulatory guidance about septic permits, inspections, or repairs.

Official resources

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who Oversees Septic Permits in Hardee County

  • In Florida, septic system permits and inspections are issued and overseen by the Florida Department of Health (DOH) through the county health department. In Hardee County, that means DOH-Hardee handles plan reviews, permit issuance, and inspections for septic systems.
  • Local building and planning staff may coordinate with DOH for zoning, setbacks, and land-use checks, but the DOH remains the primary authority on septic permits and inspections.
  • For a clear point of contact, start with the Florida Department of Health's local offices page and look up Hardee County resources:

When You Need a Permit

  • New septic system installation requires a permit.
  • Major repairs or replacement of components (tank, leach field, dosing, pumps) require a permit.
  • If you're changing the wastewater load (adding living units, additions, or other substantial changes), you'll likely need an updated permit and inspection.
  • If you're unsure, contact the local DOH office before starting work to avoid penalties or delays.

How to Apply for a Permit

  • Step 1: Hire a licensed wastewater contractor to design a system suitable for your property and soil conditions.
  • Step 2: Have the soil evaluated and prepare a site plan that shows the proposed septic tank, leach field, access, setbacks, and any wells or water sources nearby.
  • Step 3: Submit the permit application to the Florida DOH in Hardee County (via the official online portal or in person at the local DOH office).
  • Step 4: Gather required documents (property deed, survey if available, well location, system design drawings) and pay the applicable permit fees.
  • Step 5: Receive plan review results and schedule the field inspection once the plans are approved. Corrections may be required before final approval.

What an Inspector Looks For

  • Site suitability and soil compatibility: appropriate setbacks from wells, streams, structures, and property lines; adequate soil absorption capacity as specified by state rules.
  • System design vs. property: tank size, leach field area, setback compliance, and correct placement of components.
  • Installation quality: properly installed tanks with secure lids and access, correctly installed distribution or effluent lines, proper backfill, grading, and venting.
  • Labeling and records: clear labeling of components, presence of as-built drawings, and confirmation that the installation matches the approved plan.

The Inspection Process

  • Pre-inspection prep: have permit numbers, approved plans, and any soil test results ready; ensure access to the site for the inspector.
  • On inspection day: the inspector checks tank depths, cover heights, lid accessibility, baffle integrity, piping slopes, drain field trenches, and overall workmanship.
  • If corrections are needed: you'll receive an official correction notice with required steps and reasonable timelines, followed by a re-inspection to verify compliance.

Local Oversight: Contacts and Where to Turn for Help

  • Florida Department of Health in Hardee County: use the DOH local offices page to find the correct contact, scheduling, and guidance for septic permits:

Resources & Helpful Links

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Hardee County

Septic Tank Pumping and Cleaning

  • What it includes: removing the accumulated solids from the tank, inspecting baffles and inlet/outlet pipes, checking the effluent level, and testing accessibility features (lids, risers). In Hardee County, you'll often see inspections of the tank interior and condition of the septic filter if present.
  • Hardee-specific factors: seasonal rain, sandy soils, and occasional high water tables can influence pumping frequency and disposal logistics. Many homes here benefit from more frequent pumping to prevent backups during wet seasons.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: roughly $250–$550 for a standard 1,000–1,500 gallon tank; larger tanks or difficult access can run $550–$700 or more. Expect a small trip or disposal fee extra, and some contractors offer bundled maintenance plans.

Routine System Inspection and Certification

  • What it includes: visual inspection of the system components (tank, baffles, cleanouts, drain field), pump status check if applicable, effluent screen condition, and a written report. Often used for real estate transactions or as part of a periodic maintenance plan.
  • Hardee-specific factors: Florida DOH guidelines influence inspection requirements; local permitting can affect whether a formal certificate is needed for sale.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: about $150–$350, depending on whether a dye test or field evaluation is included and on whether a printed certificate is issued.

Drain Field Evaluation and Repair

  • What it includes: dye or tracer testing, soil probing, field performance assessment, and identification of saturation, blockages, or root intrusion. Repairs may involve trench restoration, piping repairs, or lateral line replacement.
  • Hardee-specific factors: soil conditions and rainfall patterns here can quicken field saturation, so evaluations often lead to targeted repairs rather than full replacement.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: evaluation/diagnostic work $1,000–$3,000; minor repairs $1,000–$3,500; more extensive repairs or partial replacement $4,000–$12,000+.

Drain Field Replacement and Upgrade (including Mound/Sand Filter)

  • What it includes: redesign or relocation of the drain field, new trenches or mounds, soil amendments as needed, permit coordination, and final system testing.
  • Hardee-specific factors: if the site has a high water table or inadequate native soils, a mound or advanced treatment upgrade is more common and costly.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: $8,000–$25,000+, depending on system type, size, and access.

New Septic System Installation and Design

  • What it includes: site evaluation, soil testing, system design, permitting, installation, and final testing with a as-built plan.
  • Hardee-specific factors: lot size, access, and chosen technology (conventional vs. ATU or mound) heavily influence price.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: $10,000–$25,000 for a conventional system, higher for ATU or mound designs.

Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) Service and Maintenance

  • What it includes: routine servicing, filter cleaning, pump and float checks, alarm tests, and any needed parts replacement per manufacturer guidelines.
  • Hardee-specific factors: ATUs require brand-specific maintenance; some properties in Hardee use ATUs due to soil limitations.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: $150–$350 per service call; annual maintenance plans often range $300–$800.

Grinder Pump Service and Maintenance

  • What it includes: service calls to inspect or clear jams, test alarms, inspect wiring, and coordinate with any lift station components.
  • Hardee-specific factors: grinder pumps are common in multi-story or hillside setups and where gravity drainage is challenging.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: $200–$450 per service; replacement units $1,000–$2,500.

Mound System / Sand Filter Maintenance

  • What it includes: inspection of dosing and control components, soil moisture checks, field health assessment, and routine maintenance or activation of dosing pumps.
  • Hardee-specific factors: used where native soils aren't suitable; these systems carry higher ongoing maintenance and replacement costs.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: inspection $150–$350; annual maintenance $300–$800; full replacement $15,000–$25,000+.

Tank Risers and Lids Accessibility Upgrades

  • What it includes: installing or extending risers, replacing or repairing lids, and ensuring safe, above-ground access for future service.
  • Hardee-specific factors: older homes often have buried tanks; upgrading access reduces future service risks and discovery costs.
  • Typical cost in Hardee County: $1,000–$2,500.

Official resources

Cities & Communities in Hardee County With Septic Systems

Wauchula

  • Many homes in Wauchula rely on septic systems where municipal sewer lines aren't available. If you're in an area that isn't sewered, your property likely uses an OSTDS (onsite sewage treatment and disposal system).
  • Common local concerns: seasonal rainfall and saturated soils can affect drainfield performance; prior flooding or high groundwater can slow down treatment.
  • What to do now:
    • Have your septic tank pumped every 3–5 years (more often if you have high wastewater flows or used a disposal system frequently).
    • Protect the drainfield: keep vehicles off, avoid planting trees with deep roots nearby, and don't build additions or structures over the drainfield.
    • Use septic-safe products and limit chemicals, fats, oils, and nonbiodegradable wipes that can clog the system.

Bowling Green

  • In Bowling Green, septic systems are common in many residential neighborhoods and rural pockets that lack full municipal sewer service.
  • Typical maintenance needs: routine pumping, occasional septic inspections if you've noticed slow drains or gurgling, and careful water-use management.
  • Practical tips:
    • Spread out heavy laundry days to reduce peak loading.
    • Fix leaks promptly to minimize excess water entering the tank.
    • Keep a simple maintenance record and share it with any future buyers or renters.

Zolfo Springs

  • Zolfo Springs hosts both incorporated areas and surrounding rural sections where septic systems are standard.
  • Potential issues to watch: heavy rain and high water tables can reduce drainfield efficiency and increase the risk of backups if the system is overloaded.
  • Quick actions:
    • Have a licensed contractor pump and inspect as needed.
    • Maintain a 1–2 year pumping cycle if you have a smaller tank or frequent wastewater use.
    • Postpone yard work or construction on the drainfield area to avoid soil compaction.

Rural & Unincorporated Areas

  • A large portion of Hardee County's population lives in unincorporated areas where home septic systems are the norm. Septic care is especially important here due to soil conditions and rainfall patterns.
  • Key considerations:
    • Soil type and drainage impact system performance; consider soil testing if you're planning an installation or replacement.
    • Regular pumping and inspection help prevent failures that can affect your groundwater and neighbors.
    • Keep records of tank size, last pump date, and contractor notes for future reference or sale of the home.

Quick maintenance steps (for all Hardee County septics)

  1. Schedule a pump-out every 3–5 years with a licensed septic contractor; adjust based on tank size and household use.
  2. Conserve water: fix leaks, install efficient fixtures, and stagger dense wastewater events (like laundry) instead of running multiple loads back-to-back.
  3. Protect the drainfield: keep vehicles off, avoid planting trees with deep roots nearby, and don't install a structure or add landscaping directly over it.
  4. Use septic-safe products and avoid disposal of fats, oils, grease, and nonbiodegradable wipes; opt for natural cleaners when possible.
  5. Consider annual or biannual inspections if you've had prior issues or live in flood-prone areas; contact your local health department for guidance.

Official resources:

Septic vs Sewer Across Hardee County

How septic systems work in Hardee County

Residential septic systems here typically use a septic tank to hold and partially treat wastewater, followed by a drain field where effluent leaches into the soil. Local soils, groundwater depth, and rainfall patterns influence performance and design. Regular pumping and careful use of the system are essential to prevent backups and protect groundwater. Always work with a licensed contractor and follow Florida OSTDS (onsite sewage treatment and disposal system) requirements.

Is sewer available in your neighborhood?

  • Availability varies by exact street address and utility boundaries. Some parts of Hardee County are connected to regional sewer lines, while rural areas rely on OSTDS.
  • Check with Hardee County Utilities or your city's public works department to confirm service status and any mandatory connection timelines if sewer is available.
  • If you are in a sewer service area, you may need to connect within a specified period after notice or ordinance—county and city requirements differ.

Pros and cons at a glance

  • Septic system (OSTDS)
    • Pros:
      • Lower ongoing utility bills when operating independently of a centralized system.
      • Suitable for rural lots with adequate drainage and soil.
    • Cons:
      • Requires periodic pumping (roughly every 3–5 years) and field maintenance.
      • Failure or poor maintenance can lead to backups, odors, and groundwater concerns.
  • City/County sewer
    • Pros:
      • No septic tank pumping or drain-field maintenance.
      • Often paired with broader wastewater treatment that reduces on-site risk.
    • Cons:
      • Monthly service charges plus usage; fees can rise with rates.
      • Connection fees and potential expansion costs; outages can occur.
      • If service is unavailable, septic remains your only option.

Costs and long-term planning

  • Septic installation and upgrade costs vary by lot, soil, and system type. Typical residential OSTDS projects in Florida can range from several thousand to well over ten thousand dollars, depending on design and local permitting.
  • Ongoing septic costs:
    • Pumping every 3–5 years (roughly $200–$500 per pump when needed).
    • Routine inspections and maintenance with a licensed professional.
  • Sewer connection costs and ongoing bills:
    • One-time hookup or impact/connection fees can vary widely (often in the low thousands, depending on the utility and distance to the sewer main).
    • Monthly sewer charges plus typical water use charges; irrigation and excessive use may affect total bills.
  • Long-term considerations:
    • If you plan major renovations, a new septic field may be needed or non-availability of sewer could influence design.
    • In areas where sewer expands, potential increases in property value and resilience can occur, but this depends on local policy and service planning.

Maintenance and reliability considerations

  • Septic systems require:
    • Regular pumping and professional inspections.
    • Careful waste management (avoid flushing chemicals, grease, coffee grounds, and non-biodegradable items).
    • Protecting the drain field from heavy equipment, plumbing leaks, and roof runoff.
  • Sewer service requires:
    • Monitoring monthly bills and understanding any surcharges.
    • Coordinating with the utility if service disruptions occur or if repairs are needed within the system network.

Steps to decide and plan

  1. Confirm service availability with Hardee County Utilities or your local municipality.
  2. Gather formal cost estimates for septic pumping, maintenance, and a potential drain-field replacement versus a sewer hookup and monthly charges.
  3. Evaluate soil, lot size, and any future development plans that could affect OSTDS performance or sewer service feasibility.
  4. Consider environmental risks and public-health implications for groundwater near wells or streams.
  5. Consult Florida Department of Health OSTDS resources and a licensed septic contractor to ensure compliance and a reliable long-term plan.

Official resources

  • Florida Department of Health — Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems (OSTDS):
  • Hardee County Government — Utilities and service availability:
  • Florida Department of Environmental Protection (OSTDS and wastewater guidance): https://floridadep.gov
  • Local utility providers and municipal sewer pages for your exact address (check with Hardee County Utilities and your city's public works department)