Septic in Panama City, FL

Last updated: Mar 21, 2026

Welcome to Panama City, where the gulf breeze meets practical home care. If you've walked a sunlit street in Callaway, St. Andrews, or a quiet suburban lane near the bay, you've likely seen a mix of homes on city sewer and homes on private septic—and you might wonder which path your own house will take. I'm a local septic contractor and neighbor, here to share plain-English guidance you can trust.

Is septic common in Panama City? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home?

Yes—septic is still a common setup in Panama City and the broader Bay County area, especially for properties outside the city sewer service or for older homes that weren't tied into a sewer main when they were built. If your home is connected to city sewer, you'll have a sewer bill and a main line to the street; if not, you'll likely rely on a septic system. When you own or buy a home, the smart move is to verify which system serves the property and to plan for a proper inspection. As a buyer, ask for the septic inspection history, pumping records, and any notes on field conditions. If you're shopping, factor in the costs of potential maintenance or a future tank pump-out.

Why do homes in Panama City typically use septic systems?

  • History and layout: Many neighborhoods developed with private lots where extending a sewer main wasn't practical or cost-effective, so on-site systems made sense from the start.
  • Cost and flexibility: A septic system avoids tying into expensive central sewer projects, giving homeowners more control over maintenance and scheduling.
  • Soils and water management: Panama City area soils are often sandy and well-drained, which can be great for septic design when properly planned. But sandy soils and heavy rainfall also demand careful siting, proper size, and regular upkeep to protect groundwater and nearby water bodies.
  • Local guidance and codes: Florida requires licensed installers and appropriate permitting and inspections. Regular maintenance—like periodic pump-outs and system checks—helps prevent backups and costly repairs.

High-level takeaway: in Panama City, on-site wastewater is a practical, common solution that suits the spread-out, homey character of many neighborhoods. Keeping tabs on your system's status and maintenance helps you stay ahead of surprises and keep your home running smoothly. A light transition to the next section begins with a mindset: know your current setup, and plan for sensible, neighborly care.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Panama City

Map of septic coverage in Panama City, FL

Areas where septic systems are most common

  • Unincorporated Bay County neighborhoods surrounding Panama City. If you live outside the city limits or in areas not yet covered by a sewer expansion, you're more likely to have a septic system.
  • Older subdivisions built before municipal sewer lines extended into the area. In these parts, homeowners often rely on onsite systems rather than city sewer.
  • Rural residential parcels with larger lots. Larger lot sizes make septic a practical option where sewer mains aren't available.
  • Some mobile home parks and smaller, self-contained subdivisions where sewer service hasn't been installed or extended.

Why this pattern exists in Panama City

  • Infrastructure reach and costs: Extending municipal sewer to every neighborhood is expensive. Areas farther from established sewer mains tend to rely on septic unless a city or county sewer project brings service in.
  • Soil and drainage conditions: Panama City and surrounding Bay County feature sandy, well-drained soils that can support onsite systems when designed and maintained properly. Those same soils can pose challenges in flood-prone zones, influencing system choice and placement.
  • Regulatory framework: Septic systems are regulated at the state level to protect groundwater and surface water. In Florida, the Florida Department of Health oversees onsite sewage systems and requires proper permitting, installation, and inspections. See official resources for details on regulations and best practices:
    • Florida Department of Health – Onsite Sewage Program:
  • Local planning dynamics: City and county planning decisions around school sites, parks, and commercial development can influence sewer extensions. When sewer service is available nearby, it may become more feasible to transition properties from septic to sewer, but this depends on infrastructure plans and funding.

Soil, flooding, and system design considerations

  • Sandy, permeable soils: Often favorable for septic when properly designed, with appropriate setback distances and loading. Regular maintenance remains essential.
  • High groundwater and seasonal flooding: In low-lying coastal areas or flood-prone zones, jurisdictions may require elevated systems, mound systems, or advanced treatment options to prevent groundwater contamination.
  • Maintenance implications: In areas where septic is common, regular pumping and inspections help prevent failures, groundwater contamination, and odors after heavy rains or floods.

How to verify whether your property uses septic or sewer (step-by-step)

  1. Verify service area: contact the City of Panama City Utilities or check service maps to confirm whether your property is tied to municipal sewer or is on a septic system.
  2. Check official records: review property records or the county property appraiser map for notes about sewer service or septic systems.
  3. Inspect the home's wastewater features: locate a septic tank lid or distribution box on the property, or confirm the presence of a sewer cleanout or sewer line access.
  4. If septic, hire a licensed professional: have the system inspected, pumped, and evaluated for proper functioning. Follow Florida DOH guidelines for inspections and maintenance.
  5. If considering public sewer expansion: stay informed through city/county notices and planning documents. Local utilities offices can share planned sewer extension maps and timelines.

Official resources

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Panama City Should Know

How Panama City's service structure works

  • In Panama City and much of Bay County, homes are either connected to municipal sewer or rely on an onsite septic system. City limits generally use a municipal sanitary sewer system, while rural or unincorporated areas may still depend on septic tanks.
  • To confirm which system serves your home, check your most recent water/sewer bill or contact the City of Panama City Public Utilities or Bay County Utilities. Official resources:

Septic vs Sewer: Key Differences

  • Ownership and responsibility
    • Sewer: The utility owns and maintains the pipes, pump stations, and treatment plant; you pay a monthly sewer bill.
    • Septic: You own the septic tank and drainfield; you're responsible for maintenance, pumping, and any repairs.
  • Maintenance needs
    • Sewer: Minimal routine maintenance beyond paying the bill; issues are usually utility-focused.
    • Septic: Regular pumping every 3–5 years (depending on tank size, household usage, and local soil), inspections, and careful water-use management.
  • Environmental impact
    • Sewer: Wastewater is treated at a centralized plant before discharge.
    • Septic: Wastewater is treated in situ by the soil; improper design or maintenance can lead to groundwater or soil contamination.
  • Upfront and ongoing costs
    • Sewer: Connection feasibility and monthly charges vary by utility; typically bundled in your water/sewer bill.
    • Septic: Pumping, inspections, repairs, or eventual replacement add up over time; replacements can be substantial if the drainfield fails.

Costs to consider

  • Sewer-connected homes
    • Monthly sewer bill: varies by utility and usage; expect a recurring charge on your water bill.
    • Connection-related fees apply if starting service for a new home or extending service.
  • Septic-dependent homes
    • Regular pumping: approximately $250–$600 depending on tank size and local rates.
    • Inspections and service: periodic checks by a licensed contractor; repairs can range widely.
    • Replacement: if the drainfield fails, replacement costs can be substantial (often $6,000–$15,000 or more, depending on lot size and soil conditions).
  • Practical tip: get a rough estimate from your local utility (for sewer) and a licensed septic contractor (for septic) to compare long-term costs before decisions like converting from septic to sewer.

Maintenance and best practices

  • Locate and label: Know where the septic tank and drainfield are located; mark cleanouts and access lids.
  • Water usage: Space out heavy water-use events; spread out laundry and dishwashing to minimize peak loads.
  • Waste disposal: Do not flush wipes, menstrual products, fats, oils, or chemicals; chemical cleaners can disrupt beneficial soil biology.
  • Regular pumping: Schedule pumping every 3–5 years for typical households; more often with high usage or smaller tanks.
  • Protect the drainfield: Avoid heavy equipment, construction, or planting trees near the drainfield; maintain proper grading and drainage.
  • Official guidance: For septic system care and regulatory details, consult the Florida Department of Health Onsite Sewage Program: https://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/onsite-sewage/index.html

Quick decision guide

  1. Are you within a municipal sewer service area? If yes, you'll likely have a sewer bill and fewer on-site maintenance tasks. If not, you're probably on a septic system.
  2. Do you notice odors, backups, or wet areas in the yard? This may indicate a septic issue or a sewer problem—contact your utility or a licensed septic professional.
  3. Are you building new or expanding? Check with the local utility about sewer connections; if unavailable, plan for a septic system with proper setbacks and soil tests.
  4. Are you selling or refinancing? Lenders often require a septic inspection if you're not in a city sewer area, or confirmation that the sewer service is active if connected.

Official resources

Typical Septic System Types in Panama City

Conventional septic systems

  • What they are: The classic setup—a septic tank collects solids and fats, then effluent flows to a soil-based drainfield through perforated pipes in trenches or a bed.
  • When they fit best: Common in areas with reasonably deep, well-drained soils and a moderate water table.
  • Pros and cons: Simple, widely understood, and typically the least expensive upfront. Performance hinges on soil quality; standing water or shallow groundwater can limit drainfield operation.
  • In Panama City: Many homes sit on sandy soils that drain well, but the coast can bring high water tables in wet seasons. If soils are variable or the water table rises, a mound, ATU, or other disposal method may be considered.
  • Maintenance basics (brief steps):
    1. Schedule pumpouts every 3–5 years, or as recommended by a licensed professional.
    2. Spread out laundry and dishwasher use; avoid "dumping" grease or chemicals into sinks.
    3. Protect the drainfield: keep lights, vehicles, and heavy equipment off, and plant only shallow-rooted grasses nearby.
    4. Watch for signs of trouble (standing water above the drainfield, sewage odors, lush grass over the field) and call a pro promptly.
  • Learn more: Florida Department of Health onsite sewage guidance (general) DOH on onsite systems

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU) / Aerobic systems

  • What they are: A mechanical/biological treatment unit that adds aeration and often disinfection before the effluent reaches the drainfield; can support smaller or more challenging lots.
  • When they fit best: In areas with high water tables, poor soils, or tighter lots where conventional drainfields struggle.
  • Pros and cons: Higher treatment level than conventional systems and more flexibility with site constraints. They require electricity, regular maintenance, and annual or biannual service contracts.
  • Maintenance basics:
    1. Schedule certified inspections and service visits per manufacturer instructions.
    2. Keep the air pump and control panel accessible and free of debris.
    3. Avoid aggressive cleaners or chemicals that can disrupt the aerobic treatment process.
  • Learn more: DOH aerated treatment units page EPA ATU overview

Evapotranspiration (ET) beds

  • What they are: Vegetated beds where evapotranspiration helps remove water; more common in arid regions but occasionally used elsewhere with proper climate and design.
  • When they fit best: Not a typical option in Panama City's coastal climate; used selectively where conditions and regulations allow.
  • Pros and cons: Lower surface infiltration in some soils, but not universally suitable and require specialized design.
  • Maintenance basics:
    1. Regular inspection for plant health and surface water issues.
    2. Ensure proper drainage and avoid blocking evapotranspiration with heavy deposition.
  • Learn more: EPA septic overview and Florida DEP guidance https://www.epa.gov/septic; https://floridadep.gov/water/septic

Note: Always consult a licensed onsite wastewater professional and verify local requirements. Official resources for Florida onsite systems:

Common Septic Issues in Panama City

Wet-season drainfield saturation from high water table

Panama City's frequent heavy rainfall and seasonal flood events, combined with coastal sandy soils and a relatively shallow water table, mean drainfields can saturate during wet periods. When the ground is too wet, effluent can back up in the tank or fail to drain properly into the soil, leading to slow drains, gurgling sounds, and sewage odors in the yard or sinks.

  • Symptoms to watch for: toilets and drains that run slowly, toilets "backing up," or sewage odors outside near the septic system.
  • Why Panama City is unique: high rainfall, occasional tropical storms, and groundwater levels near the surface increase the likelihood of drainfield saturation compared with drier inland areas.
  • What to do: minimize water use during wet spells; avoid driving or parking over the drainfield when the ground is saturated; schedule a professional inspection if backups persist.
  • Resource: Florida Department of Health – Septic Tanks (OSTDS) guidance:

Storms, flooding, and system stress

Storm surge, hurricanes, and heavy Caribbean-front rain events can overwhelm septic systems in coastal Panama City. Flood waters can inundate the drainfield, cause hydraulic overload, or mobilize surface sewage, increasing the risk of system failure.

  • Effects: sudden backups, extended odor issues after floods, and accelerated soil saturation around the drainfield.
  • Best practices: reduce irrigation during flood events, keep vehicles off the drainfield area, and have a licensed professional assess after major storms.
  • Resource: Florida DEP OSTDS information:

Soil and site conditions specific to the Panhandle

Coastal Florida soils are often sandy with variable depth to suitable fill or subsoil. In some Panama City properties, the drainage is excellent but the soil profile may have limited depth to the percolation layer, which can reduce the soil's capacity to filter effluent during high-volume conditions.

  • Implications: overly permeable soils can allow effluent to bypass the root zone, while perched layers or shallow soils can trap water and cause surface expression or odors.
  • What homeowners can do: obtain a site evaluation from a licensed septic designer before installation or major upgrades; ensure drainfield design depth matches actual soil conditions.
  • Resource: Florida DEP septic systems overview: https://floridadep.gov/water/nonpoint-management/septic-systems

Root intrusion and landscape proximity

Trees, shrubs, and vigorous grasses planted near the drainfield or septic tank can send roots into pipes and compacted soils, reducing infiltration and causing backups.

  • Signs: sudden slow drainage after planting nearby, cracks in pavement or concrete near the system, or roots visible at cleanouts.
  • Mitigation: keep landscaping setbacks from the drainfield (consult local guidelines), install root barriers if re-landscaping is needed, and have lines inspected periodically.
  • Resource: DOH septic information and maintenance tips: https://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/sanitation/septic-tanks.html

Routine maintenance and pumping frequency

Maintenance lapses are a leading cause of septic failures. In Florida's coastal climate, solids can accumulate faster due to groundwater fluctuations and seasonal waste-water loads.

  • Typical cadence: many households pump every 3–5 years, but factors such as tank size, household size, water use, and presence of garbage disposals can shorten that interval.
  • What to do: follow a licensed septic professional's pumping schedule; use water-saving fixtures; avoid putting fats, oils, and non-biodegradable items down drains.
  • Resource: Florida DOH maintenance guidance: https://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/sanitation/septic-tanks.html

Signs of impending failure and what to monitor

Early detection helps prevent raw sewage discharge and expensive repairs.

  • Look for: wet, lush spots over the drainfield; persistent odors; slow drains; toilets and sinks backing up; and unusually high grass or weeds in a specific area.
  • Action steps: if you notice these signs, contact a licensed septic contractor for an inspection and, if needed, a pump or drainfield evaluation.
  • Resource: Florida DEP OSTDS information: https://floridadep.gov/water/nonpoint-management/septic-systems

Coastal flooding prevention and system resilience

Coastal conditions increase exposure to flood events that disrupt septic performance. Planning for drainage, proper siting, and timely maintenance helps improve resilience.

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Permitting authority in Panama City, FL

  • In Panama City (Bay County), residential septic system permits are issued through the Florida Department of Health in Bay County (DOH-Bay) via the On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems program. Some areas or projects within city limits may have additional local requirements, so double-check with the City of Panama City as needed. Official resources:
    • DOH Bay County OSS program:

When you need a permit

  • New residential septic system installation
  • Replacement or substantial repair of an existing system
  • System alterations or expansions that change capacity or layout
  • Transfers of property where a septic permit may be required or records updated

Note: Always verify whether the project triggers state OSS-permitting requirements and any local City of Panama City considerations.

The inspection sequence

  1. Pre-approval site evaluation or percolation (perk) test if required
  2. Submittal of design plans and permit application (includes system layout, leach field, setback details)
  3. Installation inspection at key milestones (before backfill, after tank placement and piping)
  4. Final inspection and system startup authorization
  5. Record filing and issuance of permit clearance; documentation kept as part of the property file

What inspectors look for during inspections

  • System type and configuration match the approved plan
  • Correct placement and dimensions of septic tank(s), distribution box, and leach field or drain field
  • Proper setbacks from wells, water lines, structures, and property lines
  • Adequate cover material, grade, and erosion control around installed components
  • Appropriate piping grade, venting, and backfill quality
  • Accessible cleanouts and lid security; safe and accessible access ports

How to prepare for inspections

  • Have the permit number, project address, and contractor license on site
  • Keep as-built drawings, permits, and any test results handy (e.g., percolation test)
  • Ensure access to all system components (tank lids, cleanouts, and the drain field area)
  • Coordinate with your licensed septic contractor to be present for the inspection when required

Local oversight and coordination

  • DOH-Bay coordinates with Bay County Environmental Health and, where applicable, the City of Panama City building or planning departments. They maintain records of permits, inspections, and system compliance. If you're inside city limits, confirm whether any municipal approvals are needed in addition to the state/County OSS permit.
  • If you encounter an issue (delays, failed inspection, or corrective actions), contact the DOH-Bay County OSS program for guidance and to reschedule inspections.

Common questions and resources

  • How long does a permit take? Timelines vary with project scope and current workload; check with DOH-Bay County for an estimate.
  • How much does a permit cost? Fees depend on system type and scope; refer to the current DOH Bay County fee schedule.
  • Can I operate a system before final approval? No. Final inspection and permit clearance are required before system startup.

Resources:

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Panama City

Panama City climate and soil considerations

  • The Gulf Coast climate brings hot summers, high humidity, and frequent heavy rain events. Soils here are predominantly sandy, which drains quickly but can also allow effluent to inreach groundwater or surface water if the drain field is overwhelmed.
  • Hurricanes and tropical storms may saturate the ground for days. Flooding can compromise septic system performance, push effluent toward the surface, or stress pumps and alarms.
  • A high water table in coastal Bay County and occasional salt spray can influence soil chemistry around the drain field. Choose systems and maintenance strategies that tolerate seasonal saturation and occasional inundation.
  • Always verify local siting rules, setbacks, and permit requirements with your county and state authorities before making changes to the system.

Routine maintenance you can count on

  1. Schedule annual inspections with a licensed septic contractor. They'll assess tank integrity, baffles, inlet/outlet pipes, and pump equipment.
  2. Pump every 3–5 years for typical households; more often for heavy usage, large families, or frequent garbage disposal use. In Panama City's climate, aggressive rainfall and lawn irrigation can shorten drain-field performance—adjust intervals accordingly.
  3. Use water efficiently. Fix leaks promptly, install high-efficiency fixtures, and stagger laundry loads to avoid peaking the system all at once.
  4. Flushing and disposal habits matter. Only flush toilet paper and compliant septic-safe waste. Avoid greases, solvents, paints, medications, wipes, and harsh cleaners that can harm beneficial bacteria.
  5. Protect the drain field. Keep vehicles, heavy equipment, and construction activities off the area. Plant only shallow-rooted grasses; avoid trees with aggressive roots nearby.
  6. Maintain records. Track pumping dates, tank size, and service notes. This helps you plan ahead and stay compliant with local requirements.

Handling heavy rainfall and hurricane season

  • During the rainy season (roughly June through November) monitor for signs of surface dampness, pooled water, or slow drainage. Limit nonessential water use during saturation events.
  • After storms or floods, have a licensed pro inspect the system before resuming normal pumping and irrigation schedules. Saturated soils can delay drainage and stress components.
  • If yard flooding or back-yard pooling occurs over the drain field, consult a professional promptly. Do not attempt DIY fixes that could further compact or damage the field.

Drain-field protection in sandy soils

  • Sandy soils dry out quickly but can be prone to compaction from heavy foot/vehicle traffic. Avoid parking on or driving over the drain field.
  • If you're near the coast or see repeated saturation, discuss options with a contractor about elevated, mound, or other adaptive drain-field designs suitable for high water tables.
  • Keep sprinkler heads and irrigation carefully directed away from the drain field to prevent runoff and oversaturation.

Signs of trouble and what to do

  • Common red flags: gurgling sounds in plumbing, toilets flushing slowly, sewage odors, or soggy, lush patches above the drain field.
  • If you notice trouble, conserve water immediately and contact a licensed septic professional. Do not attempt to DIY fix a suspected failure.

Local codes and documentation

  • Keep service invoices, pumping records, and system schematics in a dedicated file. Bay County and Florida health authorities may have specific maintenance and permitting requirements; verify with your local DOH office or extension service.

Official resources

  • Florida Department of Health – Septic Systems:
  • Florida Department of Environmental Protection – Septic Systems:
  • UF/IFAS Extension – Bay County resources (homeowner septic guidance and local considerations): https://bay.ifas.ufl.edu
  • NOAA/NWS hurricane readiness and flood guidance (preparedness and post-storm steps): https://www.weather.gov/safety/hurricane

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Panama City

Septic Pumping and Routine Maintenance

  • What it includes: removing accumulated sludge and scum, cleaning the tank interior, checking baffles, and testing pumps/alarms. In Panama City, many homes have older or medium-size tanks (typically 1,000–1,500 gallons) that benefit from a routine pump every 3–5 years, though heavy household use or a history of back-ups can shorten that interval.
  • Panama City specifics: high groundwater, sandy soils, and flood-prone areas can affect pump accessibility and kickoff timing after storms. If you have a grinder pump or effluent filter, those parts are checked and serviced as needed.
  • Typical cost: $250–$450 for a standard 1,000–1,500 gallon tank; larger tanks or difficult-to-access locations can push toward $500–$650.

Septic System Inspections (Pre-purchase and Annual)

  • What it includes: visual inspection of tanks, lids, baffles, and the condition of the leach field; pumping may be recommended if sludge is high; check for odors, wet spots, and indicators of failure.
  • Panama City specifics: lenders or buyers often require a formal inspection; in flood-prone zones, inspectors pay close attention to access points and potential seepage during storms.
  • Typical cost: $150–$300 for a standard inspection; add-ons (pump-out, camera inspection) can raise the total.

Camera Sewer Line Inspection

  • What it includes: robotic camera crawl through sewer lines to identify cracks, root intrusion, sags, or collapsed pipes.
  • Panama City specifics: roots from mature landscape trees and nearby landscaping can be a common issue; coastal soils sometimes encourage lateral movement that cameras help map.
  • Typical cost: $150–$350 depending on length and complexity.

Drain Field Evaluation and Repair

  • What it includes: soil and field condition assessment, dye tests or portable tests, and repair planning; repairs may include trench sealing, replacement of damaged lines, or corrective measures in the absorption area.
  • Panama City specifics: sandy soils can shift trenches, and high water tables may stress the field after heavy rains; early root intrusion is also a frequent factor.
  • Typical cost: $2,000–$8,000 for targeted repairs; more extensive fixes can run $8,000–$15,000+.

Drain Field Replacement / Absorption Bed

  • What it includes: replacing or rebuilding the leach field, sometimes adding a mound system or enhanced drainage in challenging soils.
  • Panama City specifics: in areas with poor native soils or high groundwater, a mound or elevated bed may be required, increasing material and labor costs.
  • Typical cost: $6,000–$18,000 for a standard replacement; more complex installs can exceed $20,000.

New Septic System Installation (OSTDS)

  • What it includes: site evaluation, system design, permitting, tank and field installation, and system testing.
  • Panama City specifics: coastal soils, water table considerations, and permit requirements from the Florida DOH influence design choices (including possible mound systems in restricted soils).
  • Typical cost: $8,000–$25,000+ depending on size, field type (conventional vs. mound), and site constraints.

Septic Tank Risers, Lids, and Access Improvements

  • What it includes: installing or upgrading risers and secure access lids to improve serviceability and reduce future pump-out costs.
  • Panama City specifics: easier access is valuable in flood-prone or recessed sites; raised access helps prevent stormwater intrusion during heavy rain events.
  • Typical cost: $1,000–$2,800 depending on number of risers and accessibility.

Perc Tests and System Design for New Installations

  • What it includes: soil tests, perk tests, and system design planning; essential for new builds or significant system upgrades.
  • Panama City specifics: sandy coastal soils can require specialized designs, including mound or elevated absorption systems, which affect both cost and permitting.
  • Typical cost: $300–$700 for basic testing; full design and design-build packages can range $1,000–$3,000.

Line Jetting, Root Removal, and Blockage Clearing

  • What it includes: high-pressure jetting to clear clogs, root cutting, and line cleaning; may require multiple passes if roots are extensive.
  • Panama City specifics: mature landscapes and orange/elm trees common in the area often contribute to root intrusion.
  • Typical cost: $100–$300 for basic service; thorough root-cutting and line replacement can push higher.

How to plan costs (quick steps)

  1. Gather tank specs (size, age, last pump date) and any past field issues.
  2. Get 3 quotes from licensed Panama City area septic pros; verify DOH licensing and local permits as needed.
  3. Ask about site access, terrain, and whether mound systems or special designs apply to your lot.
  4. Confirm what is included (pumping, camera inspection, dye tests) and whether warranties or service plans are offered.

Official resources

Notes: Costs are typical ranges for Panama City-area services and can vary by tank size, access, and specific site conditions. Always confirm whether permits are required for your project and what inspections will be billed separately.