Septic in Howard, CO

Last updated: Mar 21, 2026

Welcome to Howard, Colorado—where big skies, open spaces, and a practical, neighborly mindset shape everyday life. If you're settling into a home here, you'll notice that septic systems are a common, sensible part of our town's everyday infrastructure. It's all about keeping wastewater on site, in a safe and efficient way, while you enjoy the simple comfort of country living.

Is septic common in Howard? Should I expect septic if I own or buy a home?

Yes. In Howard and surrounding rural areas, most homes rely on a septic system because centralized sewer service isn't available to every street or property. If you're buying a home, you'll typically encounter one of two realities: a septic system that's already in place, or a property that's planned to connect to sewer if and when service becomes available. Either way, it's smart to confirm with the seller or agent exactly what's installed, when it was last inspected or pumped, and to review any local records.

Why homes typically use septic systems in Howard

  • Rural layout and distance from town sewer lines make on-site treatment the practical choice.
  • Extending centralized sewer service to scattered homes is expensive and often impractical in our area.
  • Soils, slopes, and groundwater considerations influence how well a traditional drainfield will perform on a given parcel.
  • Many properties rely on private wells; on-site wastewater management protects wells and local water sources.
  • A septic system can be a reliable, low-maintenance solution when properly sized, installed, and cared for.

High-level explanation (why septic exists here)

Septic systems exist in Howard because they provide an effective, local method for treating and dispersing wastewater without the need for large, costly infrastructure. On-site systems rely on the natural processes of soil and gravity to separate solids, break down organic material, and safely move treated effluent into the soil. In our climate and landscape, that on-site approach helps protect groundwater, supports homes that aren't connected to a municipal sewer, and keeps every-day living affordable and straightforward.

A few practical tips (quick-start for Howard homeowners)

  • Schedule regular inspections and pumping based on tank size and household use (typical guidance is every 3-5 years, adjust as needed).
  • Use water-saving fixtures, be mindful with garbage disposals, and avoid flushing grease, chemicals, wipes, or medications.
  • Keep the drainfield area clear of heavy equipment and deep-rooted trees; mark and protect the access risers and tanks.
  • Maintain good records: pump dates, tank size, baffle integrity, and any repairs or replacements.
  • If buying, ask for the septic permit, as-built drawings, and recent inspection or pumping receipts.

With these basics in mind, you'll feel more confident about Howard's septic landscape as you explore your home and its future needs.

Where Septic Systems Are Common in Howard

Map of septic coverage in Howard, CO

Local Geography and Soil Conditions

Howard's rural, high-desert setting means many homes rely on on-site wastewater treatment. Soil types across the area range from well-drained loams to heavier clays, with groundwater depth and bedrock varying by neighborhood. These conditions strongly influence septic design and placement. In areas with good drainage, conventional systems can work well; where drainage is slow or groundwater is shallow, alternatives may be needed. Proper siting also accounts for slopes, drainage patterns, and nearby wells or watercourses.

  • Well-drained soils support standard drainfields.
  • Shallow groundwater or nearby bedrock may require alternative designs.
  • Slopes and boulder-rich patches complicate field placement and require careful evaluation.

Typical Lot Sizes and Development Patterns

Howard's housing landscape is commonly semi-rural, with homes on larger lots or isolated properties. That development pattern has helped septic systems remain the norm where municipal sewer lines don't reach.

  • Larger lots (half an acre or more) are common, making septic a practical choice.
  • Older homes may have aging systems that need evaluation during purchase or renovation.
  • Newer builds in fringe areas often rely on on-site systems when sewer service isn't available.

Regulatory Framework

In Colorado, onsite wastewater systems are regulated to protect groundwater and public health. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) oversees statewide standards, while your county or district health department handles permitting and local requirements.

  • Permits are typically required for new systems, replacements, or significant repairs.
  • Property owners should verify sewer availability before planning a new system.
  • Local health departments can provide site evaluation requirements and approved designers.

Steps to align with regulations:

  1. Confirm whether public sewer is available to your property.
  2. If septic is needed, hire a licensed designer to perform a site evaluation and percolation test.
  3. Obtain the necessary permits from CDPHE and the local health department before installation.
  4. Have the system installed by a licensed contractor and undergo inspections as required.

For official guidance, see CDPHE's Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS) program pages, and refer to EPA's septic systems resources:

Common System Types in Howard

Depending on soil and space, residents may see a few standard configurations:

  • Conventional gravity septic system with a drainfield in suitable soils.
  • Mound systems where soil conditions limit conventional drainfield placement.
  • Aerobic treatment units (ATUs) paired with sand filters or drip irrigation for challenging sites.
  • Evapotranspiration beds or other specialty systems in dry, low-water-use landscapes.
  • Holding or pump-and-dump setups are rare for typical residences but exist in certain circumstances.

Maintenance and Longevity

Maintaining a septic system protects your investment and your water resources.

  • Pump the septic tank every 3–5 years, depending on usage and household size.
  • Use water-saving fixtures and avoid flushing harsh chemicals or non-biodegradable products.
  • Protect the drainfield: keep vehicles and heavy equipment off the area; plant shallow-rooted vegetation.
  • Schedule regular inspections by a licensed septic professional, especially after major renovations or changes in usage.

Learn More and Official Resources

  • CDPHE OWTS program for guidance on design, permitting, and maintenance.
  • EPA septic systems overview for general best practices and safety.

These resources help homeowners in Howard understand local requirements, soil considerations, and maintenance practices that keep septic systems reliable year after year.

Septic vs Sewer: What Homeowners in Howard Should Know

How septic systems differ from municipal sewer

Howard homes may rely on on-site septic systems or connect to municipal sewer. A septic system treats wastewater on your property; sewer transfers it to a centralized treatment facility. Owning a septic system means you're responsible for its maintenance; with sewer, the town or district handles the infrastructure and you pay regular fees.

Pros and cons at a glance

  • Septic system pros:
    • Independence from monthly sewer charges; predictable, long-term costs
    • Works well in rural or un-sewered parts of Howard
    • Proper maintenance can boost property value
  • Septic system cons:
    • You're responsible for pumping, inspections, and potential repairs
    • Failures can be costly and disruptive
    • Ground and seasonal conditions can affect performance
  • Sewer connection pros:
    • Utility or district maintains the system
    • Reduced risk of on-site drainage issues
    • Simplified permitting and resale in sewered areas
  • Sewer connection cons:
    • Ongoing fees and potential rate hikes
    • Hookup costs and possible expansion work
    • Less control over system design and maintenance

When sewer makes sense in Howard

  • If your lot is on a municipal line and within the service boundary, sewer can reduce on-site risk.
  • Difficult soils, high water table, or limited space for a drainfield may favor sewer.
  • If you plan major landscaping or expansions, sewer can simplify permitting.

Maintenance and best practices for septic owners

  1. Pump every 3–5 years (size and usage vary; follow your pro's guidance).
  2. Use water wisely: fix leaks, install low-flow fixtures, and spread out laundry.
  3. Protect the drainfield: avoid compaction, heavy equipment, and planting trees or shrubs with deep roots nearby.
  4. Only flush toilet paper; avoid wipes, grease, solvents, and chemicals that kill beneficial bacteria.
  5. If advised by a licensed pro, consider enzyme/bacteria treatments cautiously.

Seasonal considerations for Howard

  • Cold temperatures slow drainage; insulate tanks and lines as needed.
  • Spring thaw and snowmelt can saturate soils; limit heavy uses after storms.
  • Freeze-thaw cycles can stress pipes—inspect for cracks after severe weather.

What to do if you're undecided

  1. Check with Howard Town Hall or Park County about sewer availability and service boundaries.
  2. If staying with a septic system, hire a licensed septic contractor for an evaluation and maintenance plan.
  3. If connecting to sewer, obtain precise hookup quotes, required permits, and landscape impact details.

Official resources

  • Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS):
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Septic Systems: https://www.epa.gov/septic
  • Park County, Colorado Government: https://parkco.us/

Typical Septic System Types in Howard

Conventional septic systems

A traditional setup with a septic tank that collects solids and a soil absorption field (drainfield) where liquid effluent leaches into the soil.

  • How it works: Waste is solids-separated in the tank; clarified liquid flows to the drainfield for natural filtration and treatment by the soil.
  • Site needs: adequate soil depth, good percolation, and placement away from wells and steep slopes.
  • Pros: generally the most affordable option for typical lots; easy to service with routine maintenance.
  • Cons: performance depends on soil health; poor soils or high groundwater can require alternatives.

Mound systems (raised drainfields)

Used when native soil is too shallow, percolation is slow, or groundwater is near the surface.

  • How it works: A sand-fill bed is built above the native soil, with piping distributing effluent into the mound.
  • Site needs: space for a raised bed and access for maintenance.
  • Pros: enables septic treatment when conventional fields won't pass due to soil or water table issues.
  • Cons: higher initial cost and ongoing monitoring; requires careful design and professional installation.

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU)

An advanced, mechanically aerated system that pretreats wastewater before it reaches the drainfield.

  • How it works: An aerobic tank adds air to accelerate bacterial breakdown; after treatment, effluent may go to a drainfield or further polishing steps.
  • Site needs: electricity for aeration and routine service by a licensed technician.
  • Pros: higher degree of treatment, can work in challenging soils; often allows smaller drainfields.
  • Cons: higher purchase and maintenance costs; more components to monitor.

Sand filter systems

A secondary treatment step used when drainfields need improved effluent quality.

  • How it works: Pre-treated effluent flows through a buried sand filtration bed before entering the soil.
  • Site needs: adequate space and proper grading to keep the bed hydrated.
  • Pros: better effluent quality, helpful in marginal soils or limited drainfield area.
  • Cons: ongoing maintenance and specialized design; requires regular inspections.

Evapotranspiration (ET) beds

Designed for arid or semi-arid climates where natural evaporation and plant uptake help remove water.

  • How it works: Water is directed into shallow beds where plants, soil, and air vaporize and transpire water away.
  • Site needs: climate suitability and a carefully planned landscape; limited risk of groundwater contamination if properly designed.
  • Pros: can reduce drainage requirements in dry soils.
  • Cons: not suitable for all Howard lots; performance depends on climate and plant care.

Drip irrigation / low-pressure distribution (LPD) systems

Less footprint-heavy alternatives that deliver effluent underground to the infiltrative zone.

  • How it works: Treated wastewater is pumped through small emitter lines and distributed slowly to the root zone.
  • Site needs: professional design and a reliable pumping/pressurization setup.
  • Pros: efficient use of space, even distribution, can be used in restricted soils.
  • Cons: requires regular maintenance of emitters and pressure components.

Choosing the right system for your Howard home

  1. Start with a soils evaluation and lot assessment by a licensed septic designer.
  2. Check Park County/Colorado state guidelines for OWTS (onsite wastewater treatment systems) requirements.
  3. Consider groundwater depth, slope, and bedrock, plus your lot size and future maintenance needs.
  4. Compare long-term costs, service availability, and reliability with a qualified contractor.

Maintenance snapshot

  • Schedule regular inspections and pumping as recommended for your system type.
  • Avoid driving or loading heavy objects over drainfields.
  • Use water efficiently to reduce hydraulic loading and protect soil biology.
  • Keep a simple maintenance log for lids, pumps, alarms, and service visits.

Resources

  • EPA on Septic Systems:

Common Septic Issues in Howard

Slow drains, backups, and solids buildup

  • Symptoms: toilets and sinks drain slowly; gurgling noises; wastewater backups in the lowest fixture.
  • Why Howard faces this: many homes use older septic tanks or have long-standing systems that haven't been pumped on the recommended schedule. Rocky or clay soils common on the plains can also hinder proper drainage, and seasonal irrigation or bursts of water use (winter holidays, guests) stress the system.
  • What to do:
    1. Schedule a professional pump-out if it's been 3–5 years (or per local guidance).
    2. Avoid flushing non-food items, fats, oils, and harsh cleaners that can clog the tank.
    3. Spread laundry and dishwasher loads more evenly to prevent overloading the tank at once.

Drainfield failure and soggy yard

  • Symptoms: wet, spongy patches or a strong sewer smell over the drainfield; lush, green areas can indicate effluent surfacing.
  • Why Howard may see this: shallow soils or perched water tables in spring thaw, plus clay-rich or caliche-containing soils common in parts of Colorado reduce infiltration. Inadequate drainage or an undersized system can accelerate failure.
  • What to do:
    1. Have a qualified soils-and-drainfield pro assess with a site evaluation.
    2. Consider restoration options (e.g., deeper drainfield, mound system) if the soil can't adequately absorb effluent.
    3. Keep heavy vehicles and structures off the drainfield to preserve infiltration.

Odors, venting issues, and system vent blockages

  • Symptoms: noticeable septic odor near the tank, vent stack, or drainfield; toilets and fixtures carry an odor after use.
  • Why Howard-specific: aging venting components, tree root intrusion near lines, or seasonal temperature swings can disrupt proper ventilation.
  • What to do:
    1. Inspect the vent pipe for blockages and ensure free airflow.
    2. Have the tank inspected for cracked baffles or cracked lids that can let odors escape.
    3. If roots have invaded pipes, a professional may need to clean or repair sections.
  • Symptoms: sluggish performance after cold snaps; ice or damp spots around the drainfield in winter; frequent backup when activity increases post-winter.
  • Why Howard: winter temps and variable snow cover can freeze shallow drainage or hinder microbial activity, especially in marginal soils.
  • What to do:
    1. Keep a snow-free zone over the drainfield; avoid compacting soil with heavy equipment in winter.
    2. Use water-saving fixtures year-round to reduce load on the system during cold months.
    3. Schedule maintenance before peak heating season to catch issues early.

Groundwater contamination risk near wells

  • Why Howard-specific: rural areas may rely on private wells; septic effluent can pose a risk if setbacks or maintenance lapse.
  • What to do:
    1. Verify setbacks between septic components and wells per local regulations.
    2. Test well water regularly for nitrates and coliform bacteria, especially if you have an older septic system.
    3. Align septic maintenance with well testing to minimize cross-contamination risk.

Maintenance gaps and aging systems

  • Symptoms: rising maintenance costs, frequent repairs, or inconsistent performance.
  • Why Howard: some homes may have aging tanks, leach fields, or hard-to-access systems in rural settings, making timely service harder.
  • What to do:
    1. Keep a pumping and service log; schedule proactive inspections.
    2. Use a reputable local septic professional who understands Colorado soils and climate.
    3. Plan for upgrades if the system is undersized for current water use or if soils prove unsuitable.

Practical steps you can take today

  • Conserve water: fix leaks, install low-flow fixtures, and stagger heavy wash loads.
  • Protect the drainfield: avoid parking on or planting deep-rooted trees directly over it.
  • Avoid chemicals that kill beneficial bacteria or clog the system; use septic-safe cleaners.
  • Keep a basic maintenance plan and contact a local pro at the first sign of trouble.

Resources

Septic Inspection, Permits & Local Oversight

Who regulates septic systems here in Howard, CO?

  • In Colorado, on-site wastewater systems are regulated at the state level by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) and locally by county health departments or municipal offices.
  • The permit workflow typically includes: site evaluation, system design approval, installation permit, and final inspection.
  • If Howard has a town building department, they may issue some permits; otherwise the county health department handles OWTS permits.

Permits you may need

  • You generally need an OWTS permit before installing, replacing, or altering a septic system.
  • When a transfer of ownership occurs, a transfer inspection or record update may be required.
  • If you're upgrading or resizing the system, you'll need a design approval and new permit.
  • Always check with your local authority to confirm the exact permit type and fees.
  • Steps to obtain the permit:
    1. Confirm the regulatory authority (county health department or municipal office).
    2. Hire a licensed designer/installer if required by your area.
    3. Prepare a site plan, soil evaluation report, and proposed system design.
    4. Submit the permit application with supporting documents and pay fees.
    5. Await plan review approval before any work begins.

Inspection milestones during installation

  • Schedule inspections at key milestones and keep the inspector informed.
    1. Pre-construction/site plan review (optional but helpful).
    2. During trenching and pipe placement (underground work inspection).
    3. After backfill and initial coverage (backfill inspection).
    4. Final inspection with system operational check and as-built plan.
  • If the inspection fails, address the deficiency and schedule a re-inspection.

What to have ready when you apply

  • Property address and legal description.
  • Parcel number and ownership documents.
  • Location of existing wells, if any, and setback considerations.
  • Proposed use: new home, addition, or replacement.
  • Any geological or soil reports if requested.

Colorado-specific considerations

  • Colorado soils, seasonal high water, and frost depth can affect system design. Your local inspector will determine suitability and required setbacks.
  • In areas with strict groundwater protection, additional requirements may apply.
  • Always follow the design approved by the regulatory authority; field adjustments require re-approval.

Tips for a smoother process

  • Start with a quick call to the local health department to confirm the right permit type and any local rules.
  • Hire licensed professionals familiar with Colorado OWTS rules.
  • Keep clear records: permits, inspection reports, as-built diagrams, and maintenance plans.

Resources

  • Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment – Onsite Wastewater:
  • Find your local public health agency:
  • EPA Onsite Wastewater Systems: https://www.epa.gov/septic

Septic Maintenance for Homes in Howard

Why Howard-specific maintenance matters

Howard's high-desert climate, variable soils, and winter conditions create unique challenges for OWTS (onsite wastewater treatment systems). Freeze–thaw cycles can move and crack soils, while shallow bedrock and soil limitations in parts of Park County can affect drainfield performance. Limited annual precipitation means less natural recharge, so keeping the drainfield in good shape and avoiding overloading the system is essential. Following a proactive maintenance plan helps prevent backups, odors, and costly repairs.

Regular maintenance schedule

  • Pump-outs: Most households should plan a professional pump-out every 3–5 years. Homes with garbage disposals, high water usage, or a failing system may need more frequent service.
  • Record-keeping: Maintain a simple log of pump dates, system inspections, and any repairs. This helps you spot aging trends and triggers timely service.
  • Sizing and load considerations: If your household has grown or you've added water-using appliances, review your system's capacity with a licensed contractor to avoid overloading the drainfield.
  • Seasonal checks: Do a quick visual check after heavy rains or snowmelt for wet, spongy areas near the drainfield or wastewater odors.

Seasonal considerations for Howard

  • Winter protections: Do not park heavy equipment or vehicles on the drainfield, especially when soils are frozen or near thaw. Adequate snow cover is normally fine, but avoid compacting the area.
  • Salt and de-icers: Limit road salt and harsh de-icing agents near septic components, as some chemicals can harm beneficial bacteria or corrode components over time.
  • Spring thaw: Look for unusually lush patches, standing water, or odor in the drainfield area as soils thaw. These can indicate a stressed system that needs attention before the dry season sets in.
  • Outdoor water use: Stagger irrigation and outdoor water use to avoid flooding the drainfield during heavy irrigation days.

Do's and Don'ts for Howard homes

  • Do:
    • Use water-efficient fixtures and appliances to reduce daily wastewater flow.
    • Fertilize and landscape with drainfield-friendly plants at a safe distance; keep trees and shrubs away from the drainfield to prevent root intrusion.
    • Have a licensed septic professional inspect the system if you notice slow drains, gurgling noises, or odors.
  • Don't:
    • Flush wipes, diagnostics or chemicals not designed for septic systems; avoid pouring solvents, paints, or oil down drains.
    • Drive or park heavy vehicles on the drainfield or damage the area with construction or landscaping.
    • Overload the system with water during seasonal runoff or irrigation surges.

Common Howard-specific issues to watch for

  • Drainfield soil limitations: Some Howard properties sit on soils with limited permeability or shallow bedrock, which can shorten drainfield life if not properly managed.
  • Groundwater contact in spring: Faster spring recharge can bring effluent closer to the surface in vulnerable areas; timely pumping and proper loading reduce risks.
  • Water usage spikes: Seasonal occupancy changes or irrigation-heavy periods can push a system past its capacity. Consider adding storage or adjusting usage to match system capacity.

Signs of trouble (act quickly)

  • Persistent odors near the septic area, gurgling sounds in drains, or wastewater surfacing in the yard.
  • Slow drains, backups in sinks, or toilets that take longer to flush.
  • Wet, soggy spots or bright green, lush growth over the drainfield area when not expected.

When to call a pro

  1. Regular pump-outs are overdue per your schedule.
  2. You notice odors, wet spots, or backups.
  3. You're planning a home addition or landscaping that could affect the drainfield.
  4. You're unsure about soil conditions or system capacity.

Resources for Howard homeowners

Cost Expectations for Septic Services in Howard

Septic Tank Pumping

What it includes: removing liquid and accumulated solids (sludge and scum), inspecting tank condition, and ensuring all access lids are secure after service. In Howard, many homes have 1,000–1,500 gallon tanks; larger tanks or aging systems can take more time. Some technicians also check baffles and look for signs of leakage during pumping.

Typical Howard cost: $350–$800, depending on tank size, access, and whether a dye check or basic inspection is added. Winter access or remote properties may carry a small travel surcharge.

Possible steps you'll see:

  1. Locate and uncover the tank lid.
  2. Open and measure sludge depth.
  3. Pump out contents and clean baffles as needed.
  4. Re-seal lids and backfill carefully.
  5. Provide a brief service note for records.

Septic System Inspections

What it includes: visual inspection of the system, tank location confirmation, pump chamber check, and a review of the field's condition. For real estate transactions or annual maintenance in Howard, many homeowners opt for a more thorough evaluation, sometimes with camera inspection of lines and a dye test to confirm conductivity.

Typical Howard cost: Basic inspection $150–$350; full inspections (including camera inspection of lines and field evaluation) $400–$900. Additional dye tests or report documentation may add $100–$250.

Things to know in Howard:

  • Elevated terrain and variable soils can mask field issues; a camera or dye test can catch root intrusion or partial failures early.
  • If you're buying in Howard, a deeper, documented inspection can save surprises later.

Steps you might follow:

  1. Locate all components and access points.
  2. Assess tank condition and baffles.
  3. If needed, perform dye test and/or camera inspection.
  4. Review findings and prioritize fixes.

Drain Field Evaluation and Repair

What it includes: soil percolation assessment, lines or trench inspection, and identifying hydrologic or rooting issues that affect drainage. In Howard, rocky soils or variable drainage can complicate evaluation. Repairs may involve cleaning, trench restoration, or targeted fixes rather than full replacement.

Typical Howard cost: Evaluation $350–$900. Minor repairs (line cleaning, minor reseeding, or cueing) $200–$1,500. More extensive repairs or reconfiguration of the drain field can range from $2,000–$8,000+. If a complete replacement is needed, costs rise to $6,000–$20,000+ depending on scope and soil conditions.

Unique factors in Howard:

  • Rocky or shallow soils can necessitate more labor per foot of trench.
  • Cold, alpine conditions may delay repairs or require seasonal scheduling.

Common steps:

  1. Test soil and assess field performance.
  2. Identify damaged lines or infiltrations.
  3. Implement targeted repairs and monitor function.

Drain Field Replacement and Mound Systems

What it includes: removing and rebuilding the leach field, or installing a mound system where native soils are unsuitable. This is more common when a field cannot be repaired, which can occur in fringe Howard properties with older installations or poor drainage.

Typical Howard cost: Standard drain field replacement $6,000–$20,000+. Mound systems, which are more robust in challenging soils, can range from $20,000–$50,000+ depending on size, access, and material costs.

Howard specifics:

  • Terrain and access challenges can significantly influence installation logistics and cost.
  • Permit and design steps are essential and add to overall timeline and price.

New System Installation (Septic System Installation)

What it includes: soil testing, system design, permitting, trenching, tank installation, field installation, and startup checks. In Howard, this often pairs with high-elevation design considerations and weather windows.

Typical Howard cost: $12,000–$40,000+ for a complete residential system, depending on lot size, soil, tank choice, and field configuration.

Key steps:

  1. Soil and site assessment.
  2. System design and permitting.
  3. Installation of tank, lines, and field.
  4. System startup and performance tests.

Septic Tank Repair and Component Replacement

What it includes: fixing leaks, replacing a damaged pump, baffles, or valves, and addressing issues in the pump chamber or infiltrative components.

Typical Howard cost: Repairs $200–$2,500, depending on component and labor. Major component replacement (pump, control panel) may push costs higher.

Seasonal and emergency considerations:

  • Winter calls in Howard can incur urgent-out-of-hours fees and travel surcharges.
  • Routine maintenance plans can reduce unexpected costs by preventing major failures.

Maintenance and preventive care:

  • Regular pumping every 2–4 years (more often with high usage or smaller tanks).
  • Annual inspections and dye tests can catch issues early.
  • Use of Septic-safe products and mindful water use reduces strain on the system.

Official resources: